Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Austria: Prenatal Screening for Prevention is Cost-Saving

Background: Primary infection of Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy can be transmitted to the unborn child and may have serious consequences, including retinochoroiditis, hydrocephaly, cerebral calcifications, encephalitis, splenomegaly, hearing loss, blindness, and death. Austria, a country with moderate seroprevalence, instituted mandatory prenatal screening for toxoplasma infection to minimize the effects of congenital transmission. This work compares the societal costs of congenital toxoplasmosis under the Austrian national prenatal screening program with the societal costs that would have occurred in a No-Screening scenario. Methodology/Principal Findings: We retrospectively investigated data from the Austrian Toxoplasmosis Register for birth cohorts from 1992 to 2008, including pediatric long-term follow-up until May 2013. We constructed a decision-analytic model to compare lifetime societal costs of prenatal screening with lifetime societal costs estimated in a No-Screening scenario. We included costs of treatment, lifetime care, accommodation of injuries, loss of life, and lost earnings that would have occurred in a No-Screening scenario and compared them with the actual costs of screening, treatment, lifetime care, accommodation, loss of life, and lost earnings. We replicated that analysis excluding loss of life and lost earnings to estimate the budgetary impact alone. Our model calculated total lifetime costs of €103 per birth under prenatal screening as carried out in Austria, saving €323 per birth compared with No-Screening. Without screening and treatment, lifetime societal costs for all affected children would have been €35 million per year; the implementation costs of the Austrian program are less than €2 million per year. Calculating only the budgetary impact, the national program was still cost-saving by more than €15 million per year and saved €258 million in 17 years. Conclusions/Significance: Cost savings under a national program of prenatal screening for toxoplasma infection and treatment are outstanding. Our results are of relevance for health care providers by supplying economic data based on a unique national dataset including long-term follow-up of affected infants

Juegos verbales y el lenguaje oral en niños de 5 años de las instituciones educativas estatales del nivel inicial en la Urb. Pampas de San Juan. San Juan de Miraflores, 2013

La presente investigación titulada “Juegos verbales y lenguaje oral en niños de 5 años de las Instituciones Educativas Estatales del Nivel Inicial en la Urb. Pampas de San Juan. San Juan De Miraflores, 2013”, tiene como objetivo determinar la relación entre los juegos verbales y el lenguaje oral de los niños de 5 años y surge como respuesta a la problemática de la Institución Educativa descrita. La investigación obedece a un tipo básico, diseño no experimental, de corte transversal, correlacional, habiéndose utilizado listas de cotejo como instrumentos de recolección de datos a una muestra de 61 estudiantes. Luego de haber realizado la descripción y discusión de resultados, mediante la prueba Chi cuadrado, se llegó a la siguiente conclusión: Sí existe relación significativa entre los juegos verbales y el lenguaje oral en los niños de 5 añosde las Instituciones Educativas Públicas del nivel inicial en la Urb. Pampas de San Juan, San Juan de Miraflores, 2013

Proceso de comercialización en la empresa Distribuidora León en el marco de Covid-19, 2021

En el presente trabajo de investigación describiremos como tema principal la comercialización y a las subcategorías que influyen para el logro de objetivos de la organización, en donde tenemos como subcategorías a canales de venta, tecnología, promoción de ventas y marketing, en donde determinamos las mejores opciones para la mejora del proceso de comercialización de la empresa. La investigación es de tipo básica con un enfoque cualitativo, con diseño fenomenológico. En la recolección de información se aplicó la técnica de la encuesta compuesta por dieciséis preguntas, las preguntas fueron elaboradas en función a las subcategorías planteadas a los participantes de la organización. Los resultados obtenidos fueron que la implementación de la tecnología tanto en los canales de ventas, promoción y marketing es un factor importante para ganar participación en el mercado digital

American College of Rheumatology Provisional Criteria for Clinically Relevant Improvement in Children and Adolescents With Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

10.1002/acr.23834ARTHRITIS CARE & RESEARCH715579-59

A Method to Derive the Time of Onset of Infection from Serological Findings

: Among the diagnostic problems that require a retrospective assessment of the time an event occurred is that of screening for primary infection with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy. We suggest a method to derive the possible times of onset of infection from a small sequence of serological samples by matching them against the knowledge about possible courses of infection. Special care is taken to properly address the relative change (gradient) of consecutive samples, a nontrivial problem when reasoning about sparsely sampled courses. To demonstrate the practicability of our approach we conducted an evaluation based on the samples of 394 pregnancies selected at random from our toxoplasmosis database; we could show an accuracy of 95.7%. Keywords: serodiagnosis, temporal reasoning, reasoning about relative change, onset of infection, congenital toxoplasmosis 1. Introduction Certain diagnostic problems require an assessment of the time some triggering event occurred. This is ..

Congenital toxoplasmosis in Austria: Prenatal screening for prevention is cost-saving

<div><p>Background</p><p>Primary infection of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> during pregnancy can be transmitted to the unborn child and may have serious consequences, including retinochoroiditis, hydrocephaly, cerebral calcifications, encephalitis, splenomegaly, hearing loss, blindness, and death. Austria, a country with moderate seroprevalence, instituted mandatory prenatal screening for toxoplasma infection to minimize the effects of congenital transmission. This work compares the societal costs of congenital toxoplasmosis under the Austrian national prenatal screening program with the societal costs that would have occurred in a No-Screening scenario.</p><p>Methodology/Principal findings</p><p>We retrospectively investigated data from the Austrian Toxoplasmosis Register for birth cohorts from 1992 to 2008, including pediatric long-term follow-up until May 2013. We constructed a decision-analytic model to compare lifetime societal costs of prenatal screening with lifetime societal costs estimated in a No-Screening scenario. We included costs of treatment, lifetime care, accommodation of injuries, loss of life, and lost earnings that would have occurred in a No-Screening scenario and compared them with the actual costs of screening, treatment, lifetime care, accommodation, loss of life, and lost earnings. We replicated that analysis excluding loss of life and lost earnings to estimate the budgetary impact alone.</p><p>Our model calculated total lifetime costs of €103 per birth under prenatal screening as carried out in Austria, saving €323 per birth compared with No-Screening. Without screening and treatment, lifetime societal costs for all affected children would have been €35 million per year; the implementation costs of the Austrian program are less than €2 million per year. Calculating only the budgetary impact, the national program was still cost-saving by more than €15 million per year and saved €258 million in 17 years.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>Cost savings under a national program of prenatal screening for toxoplasma infection and treatment are outstanding. Our results are of relevance for health care providers by supplying economic data based on a unique national dataset including long-term follow-up of affected infants.</p></div