Motivating Strategies Leaders Employ to Increase Follower Effort

The purpose of this research was to determine which motivating strategies followers desire from their leaders and what motivating strategies are actually displayed by their leaders to increase followers’ effort. Additionally, this research assessed the followers’ level of self-reported extra effort and the amount of extra effort followers perceive their leaders exert. From this data, conclusions were drawn regarding the relationships between followers’ self-reported extra effort and the followers’ perception of their leaders’ extra effort. This quantitative research study was conducted via LinkedIn using Survey Monk ey and is based on Keller’s 42 item ARCS Model (attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction). Regression analysis of the survey responses indicated that: 1) Followers perceive their leaders are not displaying the level of motivating strategies desired; 2) The amount of extra effort that followers perceive that their leaders exert is significant in predicting the amount of extra effort that followers exert; and 3) Followers’ perception is that leaders’ extra effort is less than followers’ extra effort. The findings suggest that leaders should be more aware of the motivating strategies that followers desire and demonstrate those strategies since leaders’ extra effort is a significant predictor of followers’ extra effort. Additionally, leaders should also exert the level of effort that they desire from their followers

The quality of price formation at market openings and closings: evidence from the Nasdaq stock market

Central counterparties (CCPs) have increasingly become a cornerstone of financial markets infrastructure. We present a model where trades are time-critical, liquidity is limited and there is limited enforcement of trades. We show a CCP novating trades implements efficient trading behaviour. It is optimal for the CCP to face default losses to achieve the efficient level of trade. To cover these losses, the CCP optimally uses margin calls, and, as the default problem becomes more severe, also requires default funds and then imposes position limits

The Local Structure of Space-Variant Images

Local image structure is widely used in theories of both machine and biological vision. The form of the differential operators describing this structure for space-invariant images has been well documented (e.g. Koenderink, 1984). Although space-variant coordinates are universally used in mammalian visual systems, the form of the operators in the space-variant domain has received little attention. In this report we derive the form of the most common differential operators and surface characteristics in the space-variant domain and show examples of their use. The operators include the Laplacian, the gradient and the divergence, as well as the fundamental forms of the image treated as a surface. We illustrate the use of these results by deriving the space-variant form of corner detection and image enhancement algorithms. The latter is shown to have interesting properties in the complex log domain, implicitly encoding a variable grid-size integration of the underlying PDE, allowing rapid enhancement of large scale peripheral features while preserving high spatial frequencies in the fovea.Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-I-0409

Real-Time Anisotropic Diffusion using Space-Variant Vision

Many computer and robot vision applications require multi-scale image analysis. Classically, this has been accomplished through the use of a linear scale-space, which is constructed by convolution of visual input with Gaussian kernels of varying size (scale). This has been shown to be equivalent to the solution of a linear diffusion equation on an infinite domain, as the Gaussian is the Green's function of such a system (Koenderink, 1984). Recently, much work has been focused on the use of a variable conductance function resulting in anisotropic diffusion described by a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDF). The use of anisotropic diffusion with a conductance coefficient which is a decreasing function of the gradient magnitude has been shown to enhance edges, while decreasing some types of noise (Perona and Malik, 1987). Unfortunately, the solution of the anisotropic diffusion equation requires the numerical integration of a nonlinear PDF which is a costly process when carried out on a fixed mesh such as a typical image. In this paper we show that the complex log transformation, variants of which are universally used in mammalian retino-cortical systems, allows the nonlinear diffusion equation to be integrated at exponentially enhanced rates due to the non-uniform mesh spacing inherent in the log domain. The enhanced integration rates, coupled with the intrinsic compression of the complex log transformation, yields a seed increase of between two and three orders of magnitude, providing a means of performing real-time image enhancement using anisotropic diffusion.Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-I-0409

Technical Standards for Admission to Medical Schools: Deaf Candidates Don\u27t Get No Respect

Medical schools utilize a set of technical standards used to screen applicants with disabilities, and one of the standards, which deals with communication, requires the applicant to be capable of speech and hearing. To the extent that medical schools exclude an applicant with a hearing impairment on the ground that the applicant cannot hear and speak, such exclusion would be (and should be) a violation of federal law. Schools must engage in an individualized assessment of how a Deaf medical candidate would satisfy the communication standard. The notion of an “undifferentiated graduate,” where all graduates qualify for practice in any field of medical practice and research, is outdated. Providing the Deaf candidate with an appropriate auxiliary aid such as a sign language interpreter would not constitute a fundamental alteration of the medical school’s program, nor would the interpreter serve as an intermediary substituting his judgment for that of the candidate. This Article is structured as a memorandum of law arguing for a construction of the technical standard of communication that is open to the different ways – via appropriate auxiliary aids – Deaf students communicate. Ends matter, not means

Prevailing Academic View on Compliance Flexibility under § 111 of the Clean Air Act

No colons in abstractsource category, existing sources, state implementation plan, new sources, tradable performance standards