Characteristics of Non-International Armed Conflict with Reference to Selected Examples of Conflicts in Latin America

W pracy magisterskiej dokonana została charakterystyka niemiędzynarodowego konfliktu zbrojnego na przykładzie konfliktów zbrojnych w Kolumbii oraz Peru. Pierwsza część pracy skupia się na opisaniu prawno-teoretycznego aspektu zjawiska niemiędzynarodowego konfliktu zbrojnego. Na podstawie przepisów artykułu 3 wspólnego dla Konwencji Genewskich z 1949 r., Protokołu Dodatkowego II z 1977 r., a także norm prawa zwyczajowego, przedstawiono definicję konfliktu niemiędzynarodowego. Ponadto, opisano podmiotowy, miejscowy i czasowy zakres zastosowania regulacji prawnych dotyczących konfliktów niemiędzynarodowych, a także treść regulacji dotyczących ochrony ofiar konfliktów wewnętrznych. Część druga pracy przedstawia charakterystykę konfliktów zbrojnych w Kolumbii i Peru, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kwestii kwalifikacji prawnej tych konfliktów oraz naruszeń międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego.Thesis covers the characteristics of non-international armed conflict with reference to examples of armed conflicts in Colombia and Peru. First part of the thesis is focused on the theoretical aspect of the internal armed conflicts’ legal regulations. On the basis of common article 3 of Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II and customary international law, the thesis defines the notion of non-international armed conflict. Moreover, it presents the subjective, temporal and geographical scope of application of the international humanitarian law regulations in internal armed conflicts and the characteristics of the legal protection of their victims. The second part of the thesis presents internal armed conflicts in Colombia and Peru, with particular regard to the matter of legal qualification of these conflicts and the violations of international humanitarian law

LTCC Strip Electrode Arrays for Gas Electron Multiplier Detectors

The Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) technology has proven to be highly suitable for 3D microstructures manufacturing in electronic devices due to its excellent electrical and mechanical properties. In this paper, a novel idea of implementing the LTCC structures into high-energy particle detectors technology is proposed. It can be applied in High Energy Physics (HEP) laboratories, where such sophisticated sensors are constantly exposed to particles of the TeV energy range for many years. The most advanced applications of the concept are based on dedicated gas amplifier systems coupled with readout microstructures. Typically, the readout microstructures are made in the Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) technology and processed in a sophisticated and patent-protected way. This article presents the manufacturing process and parameters of the novel microstructures made in the LTCC technology. The structures were implemented into the high-energy particle detector, and the first results are presented

ARMScope – the versatile platform for scanning probe microscopy systems

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) since its invention in the 80’s became very popular in examination of many different sample parameters, both in university and industry. This was the effect of bringing this technology closer to the operator. Although the ease of use opened a possibility for measurements without high labour requirement, a quantitative analysis is still a limitation in Scanning Probe Microscopes available on the market. Based on experience of Nano-metrology Group, SPM still can be considered as a tool for quantitative examination of thermal, electrical and mechanical surface parameters. In this work we present an ARMScope platform as a versatile SPM controller that is proved to be useful in a variety of applications: from atomic-resolution STM (Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy) to Multi-resonance KPFM (Kelvin Probe force microscopy) to commercial SEMs (Scanning electron microscopes)

Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization in Characterization of Organic Compounds Separated on Thin-Layer Chromatography Plates

<div><p>A new method for on-spot detection and characterization of organic compounds resolved on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates has been proposed. This method combines TLC with dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI), which produces stable low-temperature plasma. At first, the compounds were separated on TLC plates and then their mass spectra were directly obtained with no additional sample preparation. To obtain good quality spectra the center of a particular TLC spot was heated from the bottom to increase volatility of the compound. MS/MS analyses were also performed to additionally characterize all analytes. The detection limit of proposed method was estimated to be 100 ng/spot of compound.</p></div

Structures of compounds separated on TLC plates.

<p>Structures of compounds separated on TLC plates.</p

Photographs of TLC plates (visualized in UV light) with corresponding mass spectra obtained from particular spots.

<p>The spots were assigned to the label of particular compound. Left panel represents the mass spectra of compounds with higher <i>R_f</i> value (esters).</p

Mass spectrum of compound 3 (100 ng/spot) recorded directly from TLC spot.

<p>Mass spectrum of compound 3 (100 ng/spot) recorded directly from TLC spot.</p

MS/MS spectrum of the signal at <i>m/z</i> 190.1 derived from compound 4.

<p>MS/MS spectrum of the signal at <i>m/z</i> 190.1 derived from compound 4.</p

Schematic illustration of DBDI coupled to TLC.

<p>Schematic illustration of DBDI coupled to TLC.</p

Photograph of experimental setup used for TLC-MS analysis.

<p>Photograph of experimental setup used for TLC-MS analysis.</p