Fractured morphology of femoral head associated with subsequent femoral neck fracture: Injury analyses of 2D and 3D models of femoral head fractures with computed tomography

Background: The injury of femoral head varies among femoral head fractures (FHFs). In addition, the injury degree of the femoral head is a significant predictor of femoral neck fracture (FNF) incidence in patients with FHFs. However, the exact measurement methods have yet been clearly defined based on injury models of FHFs. This study aimed to design a new measurement for the injury degree of the femoral head on 2D and 3D models with computed tomography (CT) images and investigate its association with FHFs with FNF.Methods: A consecutive series of 209 patients with FHFs was assessed regarding patient characteristics, CT images, and rate of FNF. New parameters for injury degree of femoral head, including percentage of maximum defect length (PMDL) in the 2D CT model and percentage of fracture area (PFA) in the 3D CT-reconstruction model, were respectively measured. Four 2D parameters included PMDLs in the coronal, cross-sectional and sagittal plane and average PMDL across all three planes. Reliability tests for all parameters were evaluated in 100 randomly selected patients. The PMDL with better reliability and areas under curves (AUCs) was finally defined as the 2D parameter. Factors associated with FNF were determined by binary logistic regression analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and positive and negative predictive values for different cut-off values of the 2D and 3D parameters were employed to test the diagnostic accuracy for FNF prediction.Results: Intra- and inter-class coefficients for all parameters were ≥0.887. AUCs of all parameters ranged from 0.719 to 0.929 (p < 0.05). The average PMDL across all three planes was defined as the 2D parameter. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that average PMDL across all three planes and PFA were the significant predictors of FNF (p < 0.05). The cutoff values of the average PMDL across all three planes and PFA were 91.65% and 29.68%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, predictive positive value and negative predictive value of 2D (3D) parameters were 91.7% (83.3%), 93.4% (58.4%), 13.8 (2.0), 0.09 (0.29), 45.83% (10.87%), and 99.46% (98.29%).Conclusion: The new measurement on 2D and 3D injury models with CT has been established to assess the fracture risk of femoral neck in patients with FHFs in the clinic practice. 2D and 3D parameters in FHFs were a feasible adjunctive diagnostic tool in identifying FNFs. In addition, this finding might also provide a theoretic basis for the investigation of the convenient digital-model in complex injury analysis

Mechanism of hydrazine oxidation at Palladium electrodes: Long-lived radical di-cation formation

The mechanism of the catalytic oxidation of hydrazine at Palladium (Pd) electrodes was studied in aqueous solutions between pH 2 and 11. The voltammetry recorded at pH 2 and 11 revealed that both the unprotonated hydrazine N2H4 and the protonated form N2H5+ are electro-active at the Pd surface in contrast to glassy carbon (GC) where N2H4 is the only species which undergoes oxidation in the potential range of 0.2 to 1.0 V (vs the Saturated Calomel Electrode). An unexpected reductive voltammetric wave was observed during the cyclic voltammetry of the oxidation of protonated hydrazine and concluded to originate from the reduction of a radical di-cation N2H5•2+ which is stable on the voltammetric timescale. The di-cation was inferred to result from the loss of one electron from the single lone pair of electrons on N2H5+. It is suggested that, unlike the case of N2H4, the absence of a lone pair on the N adjacent to that being oxidised as a result of protonation leads to the stability of the radical di-cation whereas in the oxidation of N2H4, the available adjacent lone pair facilitates rapid follow up chemical reaction leading to nitrogen formation

Experimental voltammetry analyzed using artificial intelligence: thermodynamics and kinetics of the dissociation of acetic acid in aqueous solution

Artificial intelligence (AI) is used to quantitatively analyze the voltammetry of the reduction of acetic acid in aqueous solution generating thermodynamic and kinetic data. Specifically, the variation of the steady-state current for the reduction of protons at a platinum microelectrode as a function of the bulk concentration of acetic acid is recorded and analyzed giving data in close agreement with independent measurements, provided the AI is trained with accurate and precise knowledge of diffusion coefficients of acetic acid, acetate ions, and H+

Single-entity Ti3C2Tx MXene electro-oxidation

We quantify the innate electro-oxidation behavior of a single Ti3C2Tx MXene particle by Single-Entity Electrochemistry. MXene undergoes irreversible oxidation at potentials greater than 0.3 V (vs. SCE), with the extent of oxidation dependant on the applied potential. A close correlation is seen with ensembles of drop-cast particles with submonolayer coverage

Review of enhancing boiling and condensation heat transfer: surface modification

Data centers have tended to develop towards large scale and high density, with overall power consumption reaching up to 3 % of the total national electricity consumption. It is vital to establish energy-efficient electronic cooling devices for data center improvement. Phase-change heat transfer has emerged as a highly efficient method for addressing the heat dissipation problem. As the demand for micro-electronic cooling devices grows, enhancing the phase-change heat transfer has been a key focus of engineering research for several decades. Surface modification can effectively facilitate heat transfer favored by the surface area expansion and free energy transition. This review delved into the multiple processes involved in phase-change heat transfer, containing boiling and condensation. Considering the surface roughness and free energy, the wettability theories and manipulations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces were presented. The fabrication techniques available for modified surfaces mainly comprise coating, etching, template, sol-gen, and layer-by-layer assembly methods. The effects of patterned surface, wettability gradient surface, electrowetting surface, and wettability controllable surface on phase-change heat transfer enhancement were elaborated, particularly for the critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficients. This review of experimental and simulation results showed that surface wettability modification possesses a promising prospect in improving heat transfer performance. In this review, recommendations for the design of surface modification to promote the development of energy-efficient technologies in specific artificial environments were proposed. Further theoretical and experimental efforts need to create novel surfaces that can facilitate high-performance phase-change heat transfer across a range of applications.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52376073), Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (2023-GHZD-54), and Shaanxi Qinchuangyuan "Scientist + Engineer" Team Construction Project (2022KXJ-049)

Single-cell sequencing: A promising approach for uncovering the characteristic of pancreatic islet cells in type 2 diabetes

Single-cell sequencing is a novel and rapidly advancing high-throughput technique that can be used to investigating genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenetics at a single-cell level. Currently, single-cell sequencing can not only be used to draw the pancreatic islet cells map and uncover the characteristics of cellular heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes, but can also be used to label and purify functional beta cells in pancreatic stem cells, improving stem cells and islet organoids therapies. In addition, this technology helps to analyze islet cell dedifferentiation and can be applied to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this review, we summarize the development and process of single-cell sequencing, describe the potential applications of single-cell sequencing in the field of type 2 diabetes, and discuss the prospects and limitations of single-cell sequencing to provide a new direction for exploring the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and finding therapeutic targets

Advances in secondary prevention mechanisms of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a comprehensive review

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant global health burden. This is particularly due to its macrovascular complications, such as coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease, which have emerged as leading contributors to morbidity and mortality. This review comprehensively explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these complications, protective strategies, and both existing and emerging secondary preventive measures. Furthermore, we delve into the applications of experimental models and methodologies in foundational research while also highlighting current research limitations and future directions. Specifically, we focus on the literature published post-2020 concerning the secondary prevention of macrovascular complications in patients with T2DM by conducting a targeted review of studies supported by robust evidence to offer a holistic perspective