Serum cytokines and C-reactive protein of the study subjects according to serum zinc levels¹.

<p>¹ Values are expressed as the mean ± SE. Mean values of IL-6, TNF-a, and CRP are back-transformed values. Mean values with different superscripts (^a, ^b, ^c) within a row are significantly different among the three groups by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.</p><p>²<i>P</i> for linear trend was determined by treating the median value of each group as a continuous variable using the general linear model (GLM).</p><p>³<i>P</i> values, regression coefficients, and R² were obtained by multiple linear regression analysis.</p><p>Serum cytokines and C-reactive protein of the study subjects according to serum zinc levels<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130016#t004fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p

General characteristics of the study subjects¹.

<p>IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; CRP, C-reactive protein;</p><p>¹ Values are expressed as the mean ± SD or number (%)</p><p>²≥ High school graduates (12 years of education)</p><p>³ ≥3 times/week and ≥30 min/session</p><p>⁴ Mean values of IL-6, TNF-a, and CRP are back-transformed values.</p><p>General characteristics of the study subjects<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130016#t001fn002" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p

Scatter plots of dietary zinc intake and serum zinc levels with serum cytokines and C-reactive protein in men.

<p>Scatter plots of dietary zinc intake and serum zinc levels with serum cytokines and C-reactive protein in men.</p

Study subjects enrolled in the present analysis.

<p>Study subjects enrolled in the present analysis.</p

Age-adjusted characteristics of the study subjects according to dietary zinc intake and serum zinc levels¹.

<p>¹ All results except each median value and age were adjusted for age, and all nutrient intakes are total energy-adjusted values. Values are expressed as the mean ± SE or percentage (%). Mean values with different superscripts (^a, ^b, ^c) within a row were significantly different among the three groups by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.</p><p>²<i>P</i> for linear trend was determined by the general linear model for continuous variables and by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for categorical variables.</p><p>³≥ High school graduates (12 years of education)</p><p>⁴ ≥3 times/wk and ≥ 30 min/session</p><p>Age-adjusted characteristics of the study subjects according to dietary zinc intake and serum zinc levels<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130016#t002fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p

Prevalence of alcohol consumption according to SNP at baseline.

<p>Prevalence of alcohol consumption according to SNP at baseline.</p

Sociodemographic, reproductive, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics of study subjects.

<p>CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, HPV human papillomavirus, MET metabolic equivalent tasks,</p>*<p>ANOVA (duncan’s) for continuous variables and χ2 for categorical variables. P values are from Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>a,b<p>means with different superscripts are significantly different from each other.</p

Combined effects of alcohol drinking and HPV viral load on the risk of CIN1 in HPV-positive women.

*<p>Multivariate logistic regression model. Adjusted for age (10-year age groups), smoking habit status (never vs. ever), oral contraceptive use (never vs. ever), number of childbirths (0, 1, 2, ≥3), physical activity (METS: <170, 170–218, and ≥218), and energy intake from food (kcal/day).</p>2<p>SI: synergic index (OR11-1)/(OR01+OR10-2), in which OR11 is the odds ratio of the joint effect of two risk factors and OR01 and OR10 are odds ratio of each risk factor in the absence of the other.</p>3<p>RLU/PC: relative light.</p

No Interaction with Alcohol Consumption, but Independent Effect of C12orf51 (HECTD4) on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Adults Aged 40-69 Years: The KoGES_Ansan and Ansung Study

<div><p>Previously, genetic polymorphisms of C12orf51 (HECTD4) (rs2074356 and/or rs11066280) have been shown to be related to alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to prospectively examine whether C12orf51 had an interaction with or independent effect on alcohol consumption and the risk of T2D. The present study included 3,244 men and 3,629 women aged 40 to 69 years who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)_Ansan and Ansung Study. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for T2D. rs2074356 and rs11066280 were associated with the risk of T2D after adjusting for alcohol consumption (rs2074356 for AA: HR = 0.39 and 95% CI = 0.17–0.87 in men, and HR = 0.36 and 95% CI = 0.13–0.96 in women; rs11066280 for AA: HR = 0.44 and 95% CI = 0.23–0.86 in men, and HR = 0.39 and 95% CI = 0.16–0.94 in women). We identified that the association of each variant (rs2074356 and rs11065756) in C12orf51 was nearly unchanged after adjusted for alcohol consumption. Therefore, the association of 2 SNPs in C12orf51 with diabetes may not be mediated by alcohol use. There was no interaction effect between alcohol consumption and the SNPs with T2D. However, even in never-drinkers, minor allele homozygote strongly influenced T2D risk reduction (rs2074356 for AA: HR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.14–0.90, and <i>p</i>-trend = 0.0035 in men and HR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.13–0.93, and <i>p</i>-trend = 0.2348 in women; rs11066280 for AA: HR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.16–0.82, and <i>p</i>-trend = 0.0014 in men and HR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.16–0.95, and <i>p</i>-trend = 0.3790 in women), while alcohol consumption did not influence the risk of T2D within each genotype. rs2074356 and rs11066280 in or near C12orf51, which is related to alcohol drinking behavior, may longitudinally decrease the risk of T2D, but not through regulation of alcohol consumption.</p></div

Macronutrient Composition and Sodium Intake of Diet Are Associated with Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension in Korean Women

<div><p>Hypertension and hypertriglycemia are the most important contributors to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease risk in South Koreans with a relatively lean body mass. These major contributors differ from those identified in Western populations. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of the Korean diet associated with increased risk of MetS, whose prevalence has been steadily increasing in South Korea. On the basis of data collected from 5,320 subjects by the 2007–2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 3 dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis and their association with the risk of MetS and its components was examined. The balanced Korean diet, a typical Korean diet of rice and kimchi intake supplemented by a variety of foods had a desirable macronutrient composition and was associated with a lower risk of elevated blood pressure (OR=0.61, 95% CI=0.45–0.84) and hypertriglyceridemia (0.69, 0.49–0.88) in men and a lower risk of elevated blood pressure (0.59, 0.41–0.85) and MetS (0.67, 0.47–0.96) in women. The unbalanced Korean diet, characterized by a high intake of carbohydrates and sodium and little variety, was associated with a higher risk of MetS (1.44, 1.03–2.01) and elevated blood pressure (1.41, 1.00–1.98) in women. The semi-western diet, characterized by a relatively high intake of meat, poultry, and alcohol, was associated with a lower risk of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.70, 0.54–0.89) in women. Thus, macronutrient composition and sodium intake are associated with the risk of MetS and prehypertension in women. Maintaining a desirable macronutrient composition and avoiding excessive consumption of carbohydrates and sodium should be emphasized for prevention of MetS and hypertension in South Korean women. </p> </div