Cancer Incidence in a Population Living Near a Petrochemical Facility and Oil Refinery

There is growing concern that pollution from petrochemical and oil refinery installations in Pan~evo (Serbia) has increased the incidence of various diseases including cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate cancer incidence in Pan~evo and to compare it with the region of central Serbia. Cancer incidence data were obtained from the corresponding Serbian Cancer Registries. Systematic local monitoring of benzene, toluene and methyl mercaptane in the atmosphere within Pan~evo’s industrial area indicated that the average monthly and yearly concentrations often exceeded permitted levels proposed by EU standards (5 mgm–3). Cancer incidence was lower in Pan~evo than in central Serbia (the standardised incidence for all types of cancers in Pan~evo was 218.3 and in central Serbia it was 241.7 per 100,000 inhabitants). The available data do not allow us to correlate air pollution in Pan~evo with increased cancer incidence

Analiza gubitaka isparavanja naftnih derivata na primeru auto pretakališta

The quantity of loading losses, which are the primary source of evaporative emissions from tank cars and trucks was analyzed in this paper. Loading losses occur as organic vapors in "empty" cargo tanks are displaced to the atmosphere by the liquid being loaded into the tanks. Emissions from loading petroleum liquid were estimated using three methods: the API (American Petroleum Institute) method, the VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure -Association of German Engineers) method and the Yugoslav Standard JUS B.HO.531 method. The mass of evaporative losses from loading operations is a function of the following parameters: the method of loading the cargo, the physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo and the ambient temperature during loading. Evaporation losses from the loading of motor gasoline (MB-95, BMB-95, MB-98 and MB-86) and diesel fuels (D-2, Euro D-2) were calculated. Losses on a monthly and annual basis were presented for an assumed amount of loaded cargo. It was estimated that the highest loading losses occur in the summer period because of high ambient daily temperatures and in the period of higher transporting levels. It should be pointed out that the loading losses of diesel fuel calculated using an empirical coefficient according to JUS B.HO.531 are significantly higher in comparison with the loading losses calculated using emission factors from the EPA and the VDI method. The gasoline loading losses calculated using emission factors derived from the three methods are similar.U radu su analizirani gubici usled isparavanja naftnih derivata na velikom auto pretakalištu. Za izračunavanje gubitaka korišćene su tri metode: a) metoda za izračunavanje gubitaka Američkog Naftnog Instituta API (American Petroleum Institute), b) metoda iz uputstva Saveza Nemačkih Inženjera VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) i c) važeći jugoslovenski standard sa obaveznom primenom JUS B.HO. 531. Masa gubitaka usled isparavanja derivata pri pretakanju je funkcija sledećih parametara: načina utovara, fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika derivata koji se preface i temperature na kojoj se izvodi punjenje. Izračunati su gubici isparavanja prilikom utovara motornih benzina (MB-95, BMB-95, MB-98, MB-86) i dizel goriva (D-2, Euro D-2). Gubici su prikazani na mesečnom i godišnjem nivou za pretpostavljeni obim pretakanja. Zaključuje se da su najveći gubici usled isparavanja derivata u letnjem periodu zbog visokih dnevnih temperatura, kao i u periodima povećane otpreme proizvoda. Upoređivanjem dobijenih rezultata uočava se da su vrednosti gubitaka isparavanja pri utovaru motornih benzina izračunavanjem pomoću tri metode istog reda veličine. Izračunati gubici isparavanja pri pretakanju dizel goriva korišćenjem emisionog koeficijenta iz JUS B.HO.531. se značajno razlikuju u odnosu na gubitke izračunate na osnovu emisionih faktora dobijenih drugim dvema metodama

Analiza simulatora tehnoloških procesa u funkciji projektovanja - studija slučaja separacije prirodnog gasa

Software for chemical processes modeling and simulation, in the past few decades, plays an important role in the development of chemical-process industry with its growing capabilities and wide range of application. Usage of process simulators in Serbia for the process design is very limited. This paper gives a brief overview of the numerous process simulators that are used in the chemical-process industry today. The conceptual design is responsible for most of the investment costs in chemical process industry. Importance of precise design on preliminary level is obvious. Wrong decisions made at the conceptual level could be carried out throughout the chain in process design to the detailed design procedures and procurement of equipment. Although preliminary design phase comprises only about 2% of the total cost of the project, it contributes significantly to the reduction of cost of the project by more than 30%. Therefore process simulators play important role in elimination of unnecessary errors in basic process design. Here is also shown a case study of parallel process simulated in different process simulators which tests the results, the reliability and usefulness of these programs in solving specific engineering tasks. Comparison of given simulation results confirm that the modern process simulators are at high level of confidence, no matter they are based on different models, equations, methods, operations, interfaces or data bases. Usage of software speeds up the arrival of optimized solution during the design and the operational procedures. Therefore software has significant impact on reducing time of pre-project phase such as research, conceptual design, and proving project abilities. Its development leads to the faster commercialization of industrial ideas.Softveri za modelovanje i simulaciju tehnoloških procesa u poslednjih nekoliko decenija imaju značajnu ulogu u razvoju procesne industrije. Korišćenje procesnih simulatora,u našoj zemlji, za potrebe projektovanja tehnoloških procesa nije široko rasprostranjeno, a literatura je nedovoljna. U ovom radu je dat pregled savremenih procesnih simulatora i prikazane su njihove mogućnosti za projektovanja procesa u zavisnosti od grane hemijske industrije. Prikazna je studija slučaja tehnološkog procesa u više procesnih simulatora koja ispituje rezultate, pouzdanost i upotrebljivost ovih programa prilikom rešavanja konkretnih projektantskih zadatka na primeru postrojenja za separaciju prirodnog gasa. Date su uporedne karakteristike rezulata simuliranja separacije prirodnog gasa za potrebe projektovanja procesa, na osnovu simulacija u softverima različitih složenosti i kvaliteta. Procesni simulatori su pokazali svoju upotrebnu vrednost kao značajan oslonac projektantima, iako rezultati koje su pokazali međusobno imaju značajna odstupanja

Estimation of evaporative losses during storage of crude oil and petroleum products

Storage of crude oil and petroleum products inevitably leads to evaporative losses. Those losses are important for the industrial plants mass balances, as well as for the environmental protection. In this paper, estimation of evaporative losses was performed using software program TANKS 409d which was developed by the Agency for Environmental Protection of the United States - US EPA. Emissions were estimated for the following types of storage tanks: fixed conical roof tank, fixed dome roof tank, external floating roof tank, internal floating roof tank and domed external floating roof tank. Obtained results show quantities of evaporated losses per tone of stored liquid. Crude oil fixed roof storage tank losses are cca 0.5 kg per tone of crude oil. For floating roof, crude oil losses are 0.001 kg/t. Fuel oil (diesel fuel and heating oil) have the smallest evaporation losses, which are in order of magnitude 10-3 kg/tone. Liquids with higher Reid Vapour Pressure have very high evaporative losses for tanks with fixed roof, up to 2.07 kg/tone. In case of external floating roof tank, losses are 0.32 kg/tone. The smallest losses are for internal floating roof tank and domed external floating roof tank: 0.072 and 0.044, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that the liquid with low volatility of low BTEX amount can be stored in tanks with fixed roof. In this case, the prevailing economic aspect, because the total amount of evaporative loss does not significantly affect the environment. On the other hand, storage of volatile derivatives with high levels of BTEX is not justified from the economic point of view or from the standpoint of the environment protection

Quality assurance of the Serbian national E-PRTR register reported data for large combustion plants

U periodu od 2007. do 2009. godine, a radi kontrole i ograničenja emisije iz industrije u skladu sa Pravilnikom o metodologiji za izradu integralnog katastra zagađivača, za potrebe Integralnog katastra zagađivača niz postrojenja su bila dužna da dostave podatke o količinama zagađujućih materija ispuštenih u vazduh i vode, kao i o generisanju otpada. Ovaj registar je sastavni deo informacionog sistema zaštite životne sredine Republike Srbije, koji vodi i čiju kontrolu podataka vrši Agencija za zaštitu životne sredine. Cilj ovog rada je kvalitativna analiza podataka o emisiji zagađujućih materija u vazduh (SOx, NOx i praškaste materije), na osnovu dostavljenih podataka za 2009. godinu. Proračun emisija je izvršen na osnovu metodologije koja je propisana Konvencijom o prekograničnom zagađenju vazduha na velikim udaljenostima. Radom su obuhvaćena velika ložišta sa izlazom toplote većim od 50 MW. Analiza je obuhvatila 37 postrojenja sa ukupno 61 emiterom.The Serbian E-PRTR register (The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) was established in 2007 and harmonized with PRTR protocol of Arhus convention and E-PRTR directive. In this paper, the quality of 2009 data reported to the Serbian PRTR register was analyzed. The analysis includes 37 large combustion plants with the capacity equal or greater than 50 MW. The combustion plants include power plants, heating plants and industrial energy units. The calculation is done using EMEP-EEA 2009 methodology and Tier 2 approach. The analysis obtained presents an overview of the quality of the reported data for SOx, NOx and TSP emissions for 61 combustion units, e.g., emitters (stacks). The results show that all 61 emitters reported data with the deviation greater than 25%, with 55% of the emitters reporting data that differed from pollutant to pollutant in comparison to the estimated data. Out of those, 30% of the emitters reported smaller and 8% reported greater emissions than estimated emissions with 7% of the emitters not submitting any emissions data. The analysis also includes calculation of the emissions scope limit within 95% confidence interval. According to these results, it can be concluded that only 15% of the emitters have emission levels that fall within the scope limits, 47% of the emitters reported data of which two data fall within the scope limits, 28% of the emitters reported data of which only one data fall within the scope limits, 3% of the emitters had data that didn't fall within the scope limits, and 7% did not reported any emission data. The results of the analysis can be summarized as: 1) operators in facilities do not know how to calculate emissions from their sources, and 2) the application of global emission factors can lead to considerable errors. The main reasons for significant deviation are different fuel quality, type of technical units and human error, thus national emission factors should be developed

Finite time stability of linear systems with delayed state

U radu se daje dalje proširenje ranije izvedenih rezultata istih autora, koji su se odnosili na klasu sistema sa kašnjenjem u stanju a za njihov rad u slobodnom radnom režimu a na konačnom vremenskom intervalu. Izvedeni su dovoljni uslovi praktične stabilnosti i stabilnosti na konačnom vremenskom intervalu jedne posebne klase sistema sa čistim vremenskim kašnjenjem.Paper extends some basic results from the area of finite time and practical stability to linear, continuous, time invariant time-delay systems. Sufficient conditions of this kind of stability, for a particular class of time-delay systems are derived

Proučavanje elektrohemijskog ponašanja metomila na elektrodi od zlata u neutralnom elektrolitu

A gold electrode was used for the qualitative and quantitative electrochemical determination of analytical methomyl in a neutral electrolyte (0.050 M NaHCO3) using cyclic linear sweep voltammetry. In the potential range from -800 mV vs. SCE to 1000 mV vs. SCE the analytical methomyl was quantitatively determined in the concentration range 4.0-16 mg L-1. In the potential range from -1300 mV vs. SCE to 1300 mV vs. SCE, methomyl was qualitatively determined by two anodic and four cathodic reactions. Cycling the potential in this range for 150 min caused the degradation of the molecule, which was confirmed by HPLC analysis. On the other hand, technical methomyl exhibited an inhibition of the gold electrode surface due to the impurities.U radu su dati rezultati ispitivanja elektrohemijskog ponašanja aktivnosti metomila (analitičkog i tehničkog proizvoda) na elektrodi od zlata u neutralnom elektrolitu (0,050 M NaHCO3). HPLC je korišćena za analizu elektrolita u toku elektrohemijske reakcije. Maksimalna vrednost visine strujnog vrha oksidacije čistog metomila na 600 mV prema ZKE u 0,050 M NaHCO3 na 50 mV s-1 je linearna funkcija njegove koncentracije u opsegu 4-16 mg L-1 što je omogućilo razvijanje metode za njegovo kvantitativno određiva- nje. Analitički metomil je kvalitativno određen detekcijom reproduktivne četiri anodne i jedne katodne reakcije u opsegu potencijala od -1300 do 1300 mV prema ZKE. Potencijal je cikliziran 150 min u navedenom opsegu i analiza anodnih i katodnih reakcija na početku, u toku i na kraju cikliziranja potencijala je ukazala na degradaciju molekula metomila. Tokom cikliziranja potencijala, HPLC analiza elektrolita je pokazala smanjenje koncentracija metomila kao posledicu njegove degradacije. Tehnički metomil nije pogodan za ispitivanje pod navedenim uslovima jer prisutne nečistoće inhibiraju površinu elektrode

Finite time stability of linear systems with delayed state

Paper extends some basic results from the area of finite time and practical stability to linear, continuous, time invariant time-delay systems. Sufficient conditions of this kind of stability, for particular class of time-delay systems are derived.

Optimal control of linear singular delay systems

Pokazano je kako se linearni singularni sistem s kašnjenjem može da prevede u svoj odgovarajući oblik bez kašnjenja. Ovo uprošćenje omogućava efikasnu primenu postojećih optimizacionih postupaka razvijenih za singularne sisteme.The transformation of a linear singular delay system into its corresponding form without delay has been presented. This simplification enables efficient application of existing optimization procedures developed for singular systems.

Finite time stability of linear systems with delayed state

Paper extends some basic results from the area of finite time and practical stability to linear, continuous, time invariant time-delay systems. Sufficient conditions of this kind of stability, for particular class of time-delay systems are derived.