The effect of personality type and team roles on social innovation model at Zimbabwean nongovernmental organisations.

Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.The research involved Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) with a Social Innovation agenda in Zimbabwe. All NGO participants were affiliates of the National Association of Non- Governmental Organisations. The study was built on existing literature and was centered on the effect of team roles and personality types on social innovation donor support in National NGOs in Zimbabwe using the Belbin Team role and Myers Briggs Type Indicator Personality type tests. The study utilized a quantitative approach based on correlation research designs. In the operationalization of this study, the population comprised Management level employees from 50 Local NGOs in Harare and Manicaland territories of Zimbabwe. The 50 NGOs making the population were those with a social development motivation. Disproportionate stratified irregular sampling was utilized to come up with the sample. One way ANOVA and Multinomial logistic regression analysis using SPSS Statistics were used as models for data analysis. The major findings revealed that there was some degree of co-relation between personality types and donor funding of social innovation. Guardian and Giver were found to be the most influential personality types. Also some co-relation was found between team roles and donor funding for social innovation in Non-Governmental Organisations in Zimbabwe with Sharper and Monitor being the most influential team roles. The trend observed indicated that there is a higher possibility of increasing donor funding in a Non-Governmental organisation that employs people with Guardian and Giver personality types and Sharper and monitor team roles in any portfolio of finance manager, project Manager and Human Resource Manager. The key recommendation is to blend much of Guardian and Giver personality types with sharper and monitor team roles in the selection of senior management employees in Non-Governmental Organisations that rely on donor support for their Social Innovation agenda. The findings of this study will empower NGOs in Zimbabwe to improve the way they handle social advancement. The study makes an original contribution to new knowledge through the development of the Donor funding Statistically Significant variables Performance Model for NGOs in Stressed Economies

From Expatriate Labour to Localisation: A Milestone Analysis of Botswana Education Sector 2008 - 2014

Government of Botswana embraced a policy of citizen economic empowerment in its development planning process. Prior to, and after formalisation of such policies in 2012, a number of programmes and policies aimed at supporting citizen economic empowerment have been implemented (Government Paper NO. 1 OF 2012). The Localisation Policy gives preference to employment of Batswana over non-citizens with similar educational and training qualifications.  This paper sought to do an impact analysis of the localisation policy with specific reference to the education sector. The policy on localisation like other empowerment policies was not limited to only one sector of the economy but to all.    The period 2008 – 2016 was covered. This paper will however limit its analysis of the localisation milestones achieved in the education sector for the period 2008-2014.  Analysis relied much on a self-study approach by reporting and analysing statistics published by the Government of Botswana themselves.  The analysis put into consideration that in their policy document Botswana Government states clearly that they will not only train for the local market when they state that “to this end, Botswana will adopt global standards in providing for the necessary human resources needs of domestic enterprises and ensure that Batswana skills are marketable in the global labour market (Government Paper NO. 1 OF 2012:1-2).” The paper adopted a secondary research approach in which related literature (Government of Botswana policy paper on localisation Paper No. 1 OF 2012, Botswana labour statistics report 2011; 2014; Statistics Botswana Annual Report 2015/2016, Bank of Botswana annual report 2015; Statistics Botswana Selected Statistical indicators 1966-2016; and other general literature) were perused and analysed. Key findings revealed that expatriate numbers in the education sector were on a year to year increase between 2008 and 2011. In 2008, there were 427 permit holders in the education sector compared to 925 in 2011. The trend however improved from 2012 to 2014. Significant decrease of expatriate teachers was experienced. The decreases were significate from 925 in 2011 to 526 in 2012 and 474 and 476 in 2013 and 2014 respectively. This aforementioned analysis depicts a struggle in implementation in the early years of the project which could be due to different reasons which this research does not intend to address. Keywords: Expatriate Labour, Botswana Education DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-12-14 Publication date:June 30th 202

Economic Growth and Diversification:Public Transport Drivers’ Perception of Their Inclusion in the Mainstream Employment. Case of Gaborone

This paper sought to establish the level of ambition that exists in local public transport drivers to participate in the mainstream line of economic growth and diversification. The study took a quantitative approach. During the study 100 respondents were randomly chosen. The chosen respondents were found at Gaborone taxi ranks. The taxi routes included in the study were made up of (Gabane, Tlokweng, Broadhurst, Mogoditshane, Ledumang, blocks, Mmopane, Naledi etc.) The evidence suggests that the majority of drivers in the local public transport industry have interest in being absorbed into the more sustainable formal sector. The paper established that the majority of people (67%) employed as public drivers have formal education and some have tertiary qualifications; and if opportunity presents itself they would like to be in other economic parts. It is important to note that those with tertiary qualification are involved in this sector because of estimated 37.5% youth unemployment rate.  The remaining 33 % were content remaining in the Industry because of flexible working hours that enables them to do other side businesses. This study is a call to government to intervene in order to consider formalising this sector as a profession. In conclusion; Government and public transport sector should also consider coming up with a medium-term (five years) public transport plan and strategy to promote growth and sustainability of the sector since significant number of the drivers are serving in the industry not out of choice but because they could not obtain employment in their preferred trades.   The paper recommends that Government should facilitate the formation of clusters for combi business in order to help the public transport industry to grow and ensure sustainability and hence eliminate the need to migrate to the mainstream sector Keywords: Public Sector Transport, Inclusion, drivers, COVID-19, lockdown DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-10-11 Publication date:May 31st 202

Informal Sector Tax Administration: Will ZIMRA Ever Win?

This desktop and library study aims at reviewing the informal sector tax administration focusing on the tax effort and tax reforms in Zimbabwe. The focus on informal sector tax administration is motivated by the fact that most government revenues are lost due to inefficient and ineffective administration systems and poor or failure to implement recommended tax strategies to augment public funds.  The findings from  reviewed  literature suggests that lack of commitment by ZIMRA staff  and rampant reports of corrupt practices within ZIMRA structures destroys confidence and trust in the whole system hence informal sector will shun paying tax.  The study recommends some ways that ZIMRA and Government of Zimbabwe can implement to at least some level of trust and confidence from the informal sector. Keywords: Informal sector, Tax Administration, ZIMR

Taxing the Rural Informal Sector: Myth or Reality?

The size of the informal sector in the Zimbabwe in 2012 was estimated at approximately US$7.4 billion (Fin Mart 2012). Various reasons were posted as to the causes of the informal sector world over and more recommendations were made to address the informal sector. This paper sought to establish whether it is economically sound to tax the rural informal sector in Zimbabwe. The method adopted was purely desk and library research. It was found that until the government recognise the informal sector in terms of economic development and invest in it (informal Sector), it should not in any case impose taxes on the poor rural informal sector. The paper recommends that the Government of Zimbabwe must integrate pro-poor policies into the tax system and revamp the once vibrant formal sector. Keywords: Informal Sector; Rural Informal sector, Taxation, Zimbabw

Low Taxpayer Compliance in Zimbabwe: Role of Balance Scorecard on the Performance of ZIMRA

The innovation and introduction of the balanced scorecard as a strategy performance management tool was a response to the ever changing and volatile business environment and the failure of older frameworks to keep pace with such changes. For firms to survive, research has proven that they need embrace change to sustain their strategic capabilities; change which may prescribe the need to drift from traditional performance management approaches and embrace modern techniques. This paper adopted a desk and library research approach. Data was collected through review of published articles, official reports from ZIMRA, Newspaper articles and the internet. The findings of the study show that ZIMRA are experiencing compliance problems in collection of tax. To improve on the compliance levels, this paper strongly recommends that ZIMRA should involve stakeholders (taxpayers, academics, parliamentarians, business community) in its policy formulation and setting of yearly targets. Keywords: Balanced scorecard, ZIMRA, tax Compliance, performance measurement