Bit Error Rate Performance of In-vivo Radio Channel Using Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation

In this paper we present the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of equalizers using in-vivo channel response measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Including the use of a Bandwidth (BW) of 50 MHz in the simulations, the results are compared with multiple equalizers and it is shown that Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) equalizer outperformed the rest of the equalizers including linear equalizers Least Mean Square (LMS) and Recursive least sequence (RLS) and non-linear equalizer Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE). The BER performance using MLSE showed significant improvement by improving the BER and outperforming the linear equalizer from 10 −2 to 10 −6 and DFE from 10 −4 to 10 −6 at Eb/No=14 dB for in vivo radio communication channel at ultra wideband (UWB) frequencies. Furthermore, the un-equalized and equalized channel frequency response spectrum is also part of this article which presents the overall improvement between the two spectrums

Roles of interleukins (interleukin-18 and interleukin-17a) and transforming growth factor-beta markers in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney diseases

In diabetes, microvascular damage often targets the kidney, making them the most crucial organ affected. Due to the disease itself or other accompanying health issues such as hypertension and nephron loss due to aging, a significant number of patients end up with kidney disease. The current research aimed to analyze the concentration of cytokines in the serum (Interleukin [IL]-18, IL-17a and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in Iraqi adult patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The current investigation was carried out in Tikrit Teaching Hospital/Salahaddin governorate for the time from October 2022 to January 2023. Sixty blood specimens were obtained from patients with DKD. Serum levels of IL-18, IL-17a, and TGF-β markers in the samples were subjected to measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results of the present study showed significant differences (P 60 years scoring highest (28% and 33%), whereas 21–30 and 31–40 years scored (8.3% and 13.3%). The concentration of IL-18, IL-17a, and TGF-β markers was high in patients (200.30 ± 59.50, 102.13 ± 50.82, and 57.15 ± 18.90) than in healthy individuals (104.50 ± 31.01, 42.90 ± 10.55, and 31.90 ± 8.83). Based on the Pearson's correlation results, IL-17a had a significant negative correlation with TGF-β (r = −0.270* Sig. =0.037). Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve showed the IL-18, IL-17a, and TGF-β markers scored the highest sensitivity (98%, 96%, and 87%) and specificity (94%, 97%, and 80%), respectively, in screening patients with DKD. Based on the analysis, it could be inferred that disease intensity generally tends to worsen with an increase in age. IL-18, IL-17a, and TGF-β are good prognostic markers in screening patients with DKD. These cytokines present a promising target for therapeutic interventions in DKD therapy

Data transmission enhancement using optimal coding technique over in vivo channel for interbody communication

Wireless in vivo actuators and sensors are examples of sophisticated technologies. Another breakthrough is the use of in vivo wireless medical devices, which provide scalable and cost-effective solutions for wearable device integration. In vivo wireless body area networks devices reduce surgery invasiveness and provide continuous health monitoring. Also, patient data may be collected over a long period of time. Given the large fading in in vivo channels due to the signal path going through flesh, bones, skins, and blood, channel coding is considered a solution for increasing the efficiency and overcoming inter-symbol interference in wireless communications. Simulations are performed by using 50 MHz bandwidth at Ultra-Wideband frequencies (3.10–10.60 GHz). Optimal channel coding (Turbo codes, Convolutional codes, with the help of polar codes) improves data transmission performance over the in vivo channel in this research. Moreover, the results reveal that turbo codes outperform polar and convolutional codes in terms of bit error rate. Other approaches perform similarly when the information block length is increased. The simulation in this work indicates that the in vivo channel shows less performance than the Rayleigh channel due to the dense structure of the human body (flesh, skins, blood, bones, muscles, and fat)