Sugar beet micropropagation

Vegetative in vitro multiplication is one of the most efficient methods for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) propagation. The usual steps in this procedure are sterilization of explant, multiplication, rhizogenesis and acclimatization. In the paper is presented development of regeneration and multiplication techniques from different explants. It gives a detailed description of further micropropagation steps and presents necessary conditions for their realization. The paper also discuss different ways of micropropagation application especially in sugar beet breeding, but in other plant sciences as well

Population dynamics of Azotobacter chroococcum in sugarbeet rhizosphere depending on mineral nutrition

Population dynamics of Azotobacter chroococcum has been studied in the rhizosphere of a sugarbeet hybrid inoculated with Azotobacter strains 5, 8 and 14. Simultaneously we examined the effects of four levels of nitrogen fertilization (non-fertilized control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha) and the applications of manure and harvest residues. Samples were taken three times in May, July and October. The experiment included inoculated and non-inoculated variants at all four levels of fertilization, in five replicates

Effect of inoculation on azotobacter population size in sugarbeet rhizosphere depending on fertilization

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of inoculation on Azotobacter population size in dependence of fertilizer dose and fertilization method. Differences were registered in Azotobacter population size which depended on both, nitrogen dose and fertilization method. On average, the highest percentage of increase in Azotobacter population size in relation to the non-inoculated variant, was registered in the variant with nitrogen, liquid manure and harvest residues. The largest increase in Azotobacter population size was obtained in the inoculation variants

Indukcija i potencijal za mikropropagaciju haploida šećerne repe

The aim of research was obtaining sugar beet haploids via gyno-genesis and their micropropagation. Haploids were obtained by ovule culture from fourteen diploid, monogerm, fertile genotypes. On the tested nutrient media genotypes exhibited different gynogenic potential. Eight haploid plant were chosen for further investigation and after development of first leaves put on micropropagation medium. The presence of cyto-kinin in medium stimulated development of axillary buds, while in some genotypes adventitious buds developed as well. Multiplication rate was not consistent, although number of developed plants grew after each sub-cultivation. Differences in plant multiplication started to differ after four subcultures. By testing of differences between correlation coefficients, i.e. multiplication rate during six subcultivations, it was determined that they significantly differ between tested genotypes.Cilj istraživanja je bio dobijanje haploida šećerne repe putem ginogeneze i njihova mikropropagacije. Haploidi su dobijeni kulturom semenog zametka iz Četrnaest diploidnih, monogermnih i muški fertilnih genotipova šećerne repe. Ispitivani genotipovi su na podlogama sa različitom koncentracijom stimulatora rasta ispoljili različit potencijal za ginogenezu. Za dalja ispitivanja je odabrano osam haploida koji su nakon razvića prvog para listova postavljeni na podlogu za mikropropagaciju. Prisustvo citokinina u hranljivoj podlozi je stimulisalo pojavu i razviće bočnih pupoljaka u pazuhu listova, dok je kod nekih genotipova takođe došlo do pojave adventivnih pupoljaka. Porast broja biljaka tokom mikropropagacije nije bio kontinuiran iako je broj novostvorenih biljaka rastao posle svake sub-kultivacije. Razlike u intenzitetu multiplikacije biljaka počele su da se značajno ispoljavaju nakon Četvrte subkultivacije. Testiranjem značajnosti razlika korelacionih koeflcijenata, odnosno intenziteta mikropropagacije ispitivanih genotipova tokom šest subkultivacija, utvrđeno je da se one međusobno statistički značajno razlikuju

Doprinos nauke u promeni genetičke konstitucije sorata šećerne repe tokom četrdeset godina seminara agronoma

In the forty years of seminars of agronomists, the genetic composition of sugar beet hybrids and varieties has been completely changed, mainly due to development of different scientific methods. Every change lead to increase of genetic yield potential for important quantitative and qualitative traits, or improvement of efficiency and profitability of production. Sugar beet breeding in Institute of field and vegetative crops always managed to follow European and world trends, in order to create hybrid and varieties whose performance was equal to hybrids made by international companies. Increase in yield potential of 2% per year in the last few decades, is mostly due to genotype improvement, which presents huge success of scientists involved in sugar beet genetics and breeding.U proteklih četrdeset godina u vremenu trajanja seminara agronoma zahvaljujući rezultatima fundamentalne nauke mnogo češće nego kod drugih gajenih biljaka kod šećerne repe je nekoliko puta dolazilo do kompletne promene genetičke kompozicije gajenih sorti šećerne repe. Svaka promena dovodila je do povećanja genetičkog potnecijala rodnosti za najvažnije kvantitativne karakteristike ili do povećanja ekonomičnosti i profitabilnosti proizvodnje. Oplemenjivanje šećerne repe u Naučnom institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo je uglavnom vrlo efikasno pratilo evropske i svetske trendove u smislu stvaranja sorti koje po svojim karakteristikama nisu zaostajale za sortama multinacionalnih kompanija. U zadnjih nekoliko dekada povećanje potencijala rodnosti koje se duguje isključivo poboljšanom genotipu iznosi 2% godišnje što predstavlja nesumnjivo veliki uspeh genetičara i oplemenjivača šećerne repe

Analiza mejoze triploida šećerne repe

During the seed crop growing there can be also problems with uncontrolled pollination if in the previous years there was seed shedding during the harvest, which can cause growth and flowering of diploid, triploid and tetraploid plants and that can present serious problem for the next sugar beet seed crop. Meiosis of triploid hybrids is irregular and can result in development of gametes with different chromosome number. Sugar beet triploids in metaphase I have 9 univalents and 9 bivalents and therefore can be source of aneuploid gametes. After cytological analysis that was performed on 2124 meiocytes, in 14.64% different types of irregularities were detected, such as dislocated chromosomes and chromosome bridges.U semenskoj proizvodnji triploida šećerne repe u toku žetve dolazi do osipanja semena. Zbog toga u narednih nekoliko godina niču triploidne i tetraploidne biljke. Cilj rada je bio da se uradi citogenetska analiza nepravilnosti u mejozi kod triploidne hibridne sorte šećerne repe. Triploidi šećerne repe u Metafazi I imaju 9 univalenata i 9 bivalenata i mogu da budu izvor aneuploidnih gameta. Pojava aneuploida kao i njihova posledica delimična ili potpuna sterilnost, jesu problemi koji prate semensku proizvodnju šećerne repe. Acetokarmin squash metodom pregledano je ukupno 2124 mejocita, kod kojih su u 14,64% ustanovljene različite nepravilnosti. Konstatovane su nepravilnosti tipa dislociranih hromozoma, ubrzanih (izbeglih) i usporenih (izostalih), kao i hromozomski mostovi

Productivity of Ns sugar beet hybrid varieties resistant to Rhizomania (Bnyvv) in field trials

U radu su prikazani rezultati trogodišnjih ispitivanja šećerne repe na većem broju lokaliteta. Ispitivane su hibridne sorte šećerne repe otporne prema Rizomaniji koje su priznate od strane Zavoda za biljne i životinjske genetičke resurse, Komisije za priznavanje sorti pod nazivom Sara, Lara i Drena i jedan eksperimentalni hibrid koji se nalazi u ispitivanju. Ispitivane su tri najznačajnije kvantitativne osobine: prinos korijena, sadržaj šećera i prinos kristalnog šećera, te su uspoređivane sa standardnim sortama. Između tri priznate sorte nisu ustanovljene značajne razlike, jer se radi o sortama otpornim prema Rizomaniji. Pravilnost koja je u ogledima uočena ali nije statistički potvrđena je da sorta Lara ima naglašen sadržaj šećera, Sara je normalnog tipa a Drena ima naglašen prinos korijena.In the paper are presented results of three year long field testing on four locations. Four hybrid varieties were tested: three varieties, Sara, Lara and Drena, accepted by Plant variety comission, Ministry of agriculture and water management, Republic of Serbia and one experimental hybrid. Three most important quantitative traits were tested: root yield, sugar content and sugar yield, who were than compared with standard varieties. It could be observed that varieties did not significantly differ among themselves, which was to be expected since all three of them are resistant to rhizomania. Regularity in trials were noted but not statistically proved that variety Lara has high sugar content, Sara is normal type variety, and Drena has high root yield

Biogenost rizosfere šećerne repe inokulisane sa Azotobacter chroococcum

Rhizosphere appears as the most important niche for microbial activity. It is of direct relevance to nutrient cycling affecting plant nutrition. Rhizosphere can be defined as the root surface and the soil adhering to the root. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum on the number of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of sugar beet in dependence of fertilization. Field trials were conducted on a chernozem soil at the Rimski Šančevi Experiment Field of the Institute in 2002, 2003 and 2004. The sugar beet hybrid variety Sara was used. Inoculation of sugar beet was performed with a liquid culture of Azotobacter chroococcum strains, which was incorporated into the soil just before planting in the concentration of 109/ml. Differences were registered in population size depending on both the nitrogen dose and fertilisation method. On average, a higher percentage of increase was in the total number of microorganisms (35-118%) than in azotobacter population size (49-52.8%).Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje uticaja inokulacije sa azotobakterom na brojnost mikroorganizama u rizosferi u zavisnosti od doze azota i vrste đubrenja kod šećerne repe. Poljski ogledi su izvedeni u toku 2002, 2003. i 2004. godine na Rimskim Šančevima sa hibridnom sortom Sara stvorenom u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo. U radu je određivan ukupan broj mikroorganizama na zemljišnom agaru (razređenja 106), broj gljiva na Čapekovom agaru (razređenja 104), aktinomiceta na sintetičkom agaru (razređenja 104) i azotobaktera na podlozi Fjodora (razređenja 102). Inokulacijom je povećan ukupan broj mikroorgainazama (35-118%), broj azotobaktera (49-52,8%), i gljiva (7,5-19,7%). Broj aktinomiceta je smanjen inokulacijom (1,6-5,4%). Najveći broj azotobaktera dobijen je na varijanti bez dodatka azota, a najmanji sa 200 kg N/ha. Najveći broj gljiva dobijen je sa 100 kg N/ha, a aktinomiceta sa 150 kg N/ha

Proces sazrevanja različitih tipova sorti šećerne repe

Levels of sugar and non-sugar (K, Na and amino N) depend on environmental conditions and cultural practices applied. At the same time, these traits are an important characteristic of every cultivar. A number of parameters are used to determine the technological maturity of sugar beet, but the main ones are sugar content and sugar utilization percentage, which is affected by the non-sugars. In the present study, the monitoring of root yield and the yield of the above-ground plant parts and the analysis of root quality were done at 15-day intervals starting on July 1 and ending on September 16, 1999. Used in the study were four cultivars and two experimental hybrids of sugar beet. The cultivar Crvenka mz and the experimental hybrid NS Hy 20 proved ultra sugary (on the last lifting date, they had sugar contents 16.28% and 16.54%, respectively). Going from the first to the last lifting date, the K and Na contents of all the cultivars decreased, especially in the cultivar Crvenka mz and the experimental hybrid NS Hy 20. In all of the cultivars. the ammo N content increased until the fourth lifting date (August 16), when it started to decrease. One hundred and fifty days into the growing season, thanks to their high sugar content and low level of non-sugars (especially K and Na), the cultivar Crvenka mz and the hybrid NS Hy 20 had considerably better technological characteristics than the other cultivars. The aforementioned characteristics of Crvenka mz and NS Hy 20 make these two genotypes more suitable for early lifting dates than the other cultivars.Sadržaj šećera i nešećera (K. Na i amino NJ zavisi od ekoloških uslova i primenjene agrotehnike, a istovremeno ova svojstva su i bitna obeležja svake sorte Za određivanje tehnološke zrelosti šećerne repe koristi se više parametara, međutim osnovni su sadržaj šećera i njegovo iskorišćenje na koje utiču nešećeri. Praćenje prinosa korena : nadzemnog delà i analiza kvaliteta korena šećerne repe vršena je u intervalima od po 15 dana počev od 1. jula do 16. septembra IV99 godine. Za ova istraživanja korišćeno je 4 sorte i 2 eksperimentalna hibrida šećerne repe. Kao ultrašećernate izdvajaju se sorta Crvenka m: i eksperimenta/ni hibrid NS Hy 20 sa sadržajem šećera, u poslednjem roku vađenja, od 16.28% odnosno 16.54. Kod svih sorti utvrđeno je opadanje sadržaja K i Na od prvog prema poslednjem roku vađenja, a taj pad je bio naročito izražen kod sorte Crvenka m: i hibrida NS liv 20 Kod svih sorti sadržaj amino N je do četvrtog roka vađenja (16. avgust) rastao, a potom je opadao. Visok sadržaj šećera i nizak sadržaj nešećera (posebno K i Na) uticao je da sorta Crvenka m: i hibrid NS Hy 20. posle 150 dana vegetacije, imaju znatno bolja tehnološka svojstva od ostalih sorti. Napred iznete karakteristike sorte Crvenka mz i eksperimentalnog hibrida NS Hy 20 čine ih pogodnijim od ostalih sorti za rane rokove vađenja

Proizvodne karakteristike novopriznatih NS sorata šećerne repe

Studied in this paper were the production characteristics of four newly released NS cultivars of sugar beet (two standard ones and two that are tolerant of rhizomania). The cultivars Alina and Rama, which are used as standards at the Yugoslav Variety Commission, were used as the standards in our study as well. The experiments were carried out in four locations in the province of Vojvodina, two of which were rhizomania-free, with the other two being infected with the virus. On the uninfected soil, the standard cultivars Anastasija and Vojvođanka had a higher sugar content and a lower nonsugar (K, Na and amino N) content as well as a 10% higher sugar utilization percentage than the rhizomania-tolerant cultivars. In addition to its excellent qualitative characteristics, Anastasija exhibited a very high potential for root yield and significantly outperformed four cultivars in terms of sugar yield. At the infected sites, there was a significant drop in the root yield, sugar content and technological characteristics of the standard cultivars, causing a 60% loss of white sugar yield relative to the tolerant cultivars. The newly released, rhizomania-tolerant NS cultivars Sara and Lara exhibited a high level of tolerance to this disease and were on a par with the official standard Rama with regard to all the other traits under study. The best results were produced by Lara, which outperformed the standard by more than 5% concerning the white sugar yield. Our findings indicate that the soil on plots must be tested for the presence of the rhizomania virus so that the right cultivar can be chosen for each plot.U radu su ispitivane proizvodne karakteristike 4 novopriznate NS sorte šećerne repe (2 standardne i 2 tolerantne prema rizomaniji), a kao standard su poslužile sorte Alina i Rama standardi u Saveznoj sortnoj komisiji. Ispitivanja su vršena na 4 lokaliteta na teritoriji Vojvodine (2 lokaliteta sa nezaraženim i 2 lokaliteta sa zemljištem zaraženim virusom rizomanije). Na nezaraženom zemljištu standardne sorte Anastasija i Vojvođanka imale su veći sadržaj šećera, niži sadržaj nešećera (K, Na i amino N) te su za preko 10% imale veće iskorišćenje šećera od sorata tolerantnih prema rizomaniji. Pored veoma dobrih kvalitetnih karakteristika sorta Anastasija je pokazala veoma visok potencijal za prinos korena i značajno u prinosu šećera nadmašila 4 sorte. Na zaraženom zemljištu kod standardnih sorata došlo je do značajnog pada prinosa korena i sadržaja šećera, kao i pogoršanja tehnoloških karakteristika što je uzrokovalo pad prinosa kristalnog šećera, u odnosu na tolerantne sorte, za preko 60%. Novo priznate NS sorte tolerantne prema rizomaniji, Sara i Lara pokazale su visok stepen tolerantnosti prema ovom oboljenju šećerne repe i u svim ispitivanim svojstvima bile su na nivou zvaničnog standarda - sorte Rama. Najbolje rezultate pokazala je sorta Lara premašivši standard u prinosu kristalnog šećera za preko 5%. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na neophodnost ispitivanja zemljišta na prisustvo virusa rizomanije kako bi se za svaku parcelu izvršio pravilan izbor sorte