A Polynomial Translation of pi-calculus FCPs to Safe Petri Nets

We develop a polynomial translation from finite control pi-calculus processes to safe low-level Petri nets. To our knowledge, this is the first such translation. It is natural in that there is a close correspondence between the control flows, enjoys a bisimulation result, and is suitable for practical model checking.Comment: To appear in special issue on best papers of CONCUR'12 of Logical Methods in Computer Scienc

Die Reklamekunst der Keksfabrik Bahlsen in Hannover von 1889-1945

Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung ist die Reklamekunst der hannoverschen Keksfabrik Bahlsen zwischen 1889 und 1945. Die Studie konzentriert sich auf die zweidimensionalen Medien Annonce, Plakat, Reklame- bzw. Feldpostkarte und Reklamemarke, die von zahlreichen bildenden Künstlern und Gebrauchsgraphikern gestaltet wurden. Den Schwerpunkt bilden die Reklamearbeiten von Heinrich Mittag, der von 1897 bis 1914 für das Unternehmen arbeitete, sowie von Martel Schwichtenberg, die von 1917 bis zu ihrem Tod 1945 durchgehend für Bahlsen tätig war. Für die Bearbeitung der Bildquellen wurden verschiedene Methoden angewandt. Zunächst ging es neben der technischen um eine exakte Form- und Stilanalyse in Verbindung mit einem strukturanalytischen Verfahren. Ein weiterer zentraler Analysepunkt war die ikonographische und ikonologische Einordnung der Bahlsen-Reklame in den kunst- und kulturhistorischen Kontext. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass Werbung nach zeitgemäßer Definition einen Kommunikationsprozess darstellt und dafür ganz bestimmte Zeichen verwendet werden, war die semiotisch-sigmatische Analyse ein besonders wichtiger Aspekt dieser Arbeit. Die für Bahlsen tätigen Reklamekünstler entwickelten von 1889 bis 1945 eine Fülle von Motiven in unterschiedlichen Stilen. Die semiotische Analyse der Reklameikonogramme ergab teilweise komplexe Zeichensysteme, aus denen sich das gesamte visuelle Register der Reklamecodes nach Eco herauskristallisierte. Es wurde mit einfachen Denotationen auf der ikonischen Ebene sowie Konnotationen auf der ikonographischen Ebene gearbeitet. Darüber hinaus argumentierten die Reklameikonogramme bei Bahlsen, wie dargelegt, auch auf der topologischen, topischen und enthymematischen Ebene. Hinzu kamen zahlreiche visuelle Codes, die aus der Gebrauchsgraphik und der Avantgardekunst abgeleitet und verarbeitet wurden. Es ergab sich eine umfassende semiotische Rhetorik der Reklame, die die unternehmerische Idee Hermann Bahlsens, qualitätsvolles Gebäck in Deutschland zu produzieren, begleitete und über dessen Tod hinaus zum Erfolg verhalf

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is, next to water vapour, considered to be the most important natural greenhouse gas on Earth. Rapidly rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations caused by human actions such as fossil fuel burning, land-use change or cement production over the past 250 years have given cause for concern that changes in Earth’s climate system may progress at a much faster pace and larger extent than during the past 20 000 years. Investigating global carbon cycle pathways and finding suitable adaptation and mitigation strategies has, therefore, become of major concern in many research fields. The oceans have a key role in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations and currently take up about 25% of annual anthropogenic carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Questions that yet need to be answered are what the carbon uptake kinetics of the oceans will be in the future and how the increase in oceanic carbon inventory will affect its ecosystems and their services. This requires comprehensive investigations, including high-quality ocean carbon measurements on different spatial and temporal scales, the management of data in sophisticated databases, the application of Earth system models to provide future projections for given emission scenarios as well as a global synthesis and outreach to policy makers. In this paper, the current understanding of the ocean as an important carbon sink is reviewed with respect to these topics. Emphasis is placed on the complex interplay of different physical, chemical and biological processes that yield both positive and negative air–sea flux values for natural and anthropogenic CO2 as well as on increased CO2 (uptake) as the regulating force of the radiative warming of the atmosphere and the gradual acidification of the oceans. Major future ocean carbon challenges in the fields of ocean observations, modelling and process research as well as the relevance of other biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gases are discussed

Internationalism, Regionalism, and National Culture: Music Control in Bavaria, 1945–1948

For many Germans in the immediate postwar period, all that remained of their country was its art. Subjugation, destruction, the pain of unfathomable guilt: these had ripped away at the national psyche, severing nation from nationalism, person from people, the present from the past. “We are,” wrote Wolfgang Borchert in 1946, “a generation without a homecoming, because we have nothing to which we can return.” Nation: what would that word now mean? An occupied state no longer possessing statehood, a conquered people starved even of the moral strength that might come from resisting. Even if the institutions of national governance could be recreated, they could have no historical legitimacy; if Bonn were not to be Weimar, it would equally not be the kaisers’ or the Führer’s Berlin. For many, refuge from the shaming of the nation lay, as Theodor Heuss reflected, in a “decentralizing of the emotions,” in a “flight” to those fields “where the violence of the great political world shake-up is not felt so directly.” This drove literate Germans back to Goethe and music lovers to the endlessly-performed postwar symphonic cycles of Brahms and Beethoven. And yet, escaping into what Jost Hermand aptly termed “the protective wall of self-absorption” did not completely preclude connection to the national community of Germans. In fact, a powerful communion with the whole might still come through the personal enjoyment of a shared art or culture. In art might reside the essence of the national community, a stateless collectivity, without territories perhaps, but with borders and guardians nonetheless

Microbial community dynamics in soil depth profiles over 120,000 years of ecosystem development

Along a long-term ecosystem development gradient, soil nutrient contents and mineralogical properties change, therefore probably altering soil microbial communities. However, knowledge about the dynamics of soil microbial communities during long-term ecosystem development including progressive and retrogressive stages is limited, especially in mineral soils. Therefore, microbial abundances (quantitative PCR) and community composition (pyrosequencing) as well as their controlling soil properties were investigated in soil depth profiles along the 120,000 years old Franz Josef chronosequence (New Zealand). Additionally, in a microcosm incubation experiment the effects of particular soil properties, i.e., soil age, soil organic matter fraction (mineral-associated vs. particulate), O2 status, and carbon and phosphorus additions, on microbial abundances (quantitative PCR) and community patterns (T-RFLP) were analyzed. The archaeal to bacterial abundance ratio not only increased with soil depth but also with soil age along the chronosequence, coinciding with mineralogical changes and increasing phosphorus limitation. Results of the incubation experiment indicated that archaeal abundances were less impacted by the tested soil parameters compared to Bacteria suggesting that Archaea may better cope with mineral-induced substrate restrictions in subsoils and older soils. Instead, archaeal communities showed a soil age-related compositional shift with the Bathyarchaeota, that were frequently detected in nutrient-poor, low-energy environments, being dominant at the oldest site. However, bacterial communities remained stable with ongoing soil development. In contrast to the abundances, the archaeal compositional shift was associated with the mineralogical gradient. Our study revealed, that archaeal and bacterial communities in whole soil profiles are differently affected by long-term soil development with archaeal communities probably being better adapted to subsoil conditions, especially in nutrient-depleted old soils

Longitudinal health-related quality of life assessment in children with congenital heart disease

[Abstract] Objective: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has become an important outcome measure for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the natural course of HRQoL from longitudinal assessment in children with CHD. Patients and Methods: From July 2014 to February 2020 this longitudinal study recruited 317 children with CHD (113 girls, 35.6%) aged 6 to 18 years (11.6 ± 2.9 years). HRQoL was assessed with the generic, self-reported and age-adapted KINDL® questionnaire. During a mean follow-up period of 2.2 ± 1.3 years, 195 patients had one HRQoL reassessment, 70 two, 40 three and 12 patients four or more re-assessment, respective. Results: Overall HRQoL at baseline was 78.7 ± 9.3. During follow-up there were no changes in HRQoL over time (0.03 [–0.01–0.07]; p = 0.195). In a linear mixed model neither CHD severity, the diagnostic subgroup, age, BMI, surgical history nor gender could be linked to a change in HRQoL during the follow-up time. Only children with higher age baseline (–0.48 [–0.85––0.11]; p = 0.010) had lower HRQoL. Same trend was seen for BMI (–0.19 [–0.41–0.03]; p = 0.099). Conclusion: Older children with CHD have significantly worse HRQoL, but they evolve similarly to younger children over time. Since no demographic or clinical variable could be linked to the course of HRQoL, it seems that individual HRQoL courses are not predictable and routine HRQoL evaluations seem to be necessary for acute decision making in clinical practice