Liver cirrhosis, other liver diseases, and risk of hospitalisation for intracerebral haemorrhage: A Danish population-based case-control study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Liver diseases are suspected risk factors for intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). We conducted a population-based case-control study to examine risk of ICH among hospitalised patients with liver cirrhosis and other liver diseases.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used data from the hospital discharge registries (1991–2003) and the Civil Registration System in Denmark, to identify 3,522 cases of first-time hospitalisation for ICH and 35,173 sex- and age-matched population controls. Among cases and controls we identified patients with a discharge diagnosis of liver cirrhosis or other liver diseases before the date of ICH. We computed odds ratios for ICH by conditional logistic regressions, adjusting for a number of confounding factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There was an increased risk of ICH for patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (adjusted OR = 4.8, 95% CI: 2.7–8.3), non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis (adjusted OR = 7.7, 95% CI: 2.0–28.9) and non-cirrhotic alcoholic liver disease (adjusted OR = 5.4, 95%CI:3.1–9.5) but not for patients with non-cirrhotic non-alcoholic liver diseases (adjusted OR = 0.9, 95%CI:0.5–1.6). The highest risk was found among women with liver cirrhosis (OR = 8.9, 95%CI:2.9–26.7) and for patients younger than 70 years (OR = 6.1, 95%CI:3.4–10.9). There were no sex- or age-related differences in the association between other liver diseases (alcoholic or non-alcoholic) and hospitalisation with ICH.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Patients with liver cirrhosis and non-cirrhotic alcoholic liver disease have a clearly increased risk for ICH.</p

The rationale, design and baseline data of FLOW, a kidney outcomes trial with once-weekly semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) improve glycaemic control and lower body weight in people with T2D, and some reduce risk of cardiovascular (CV) events in those with high CV risk. GLP-1RAs might also have kidney-protective effects. We report the design and baseline data for FLOW, a trial investigating the effects of once-weekly (OW) GLP-1RA semaglutide on kidney outcomes in participants with CKD and T2D. METHODS: FLOW is a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, multinational, phase 3b trial. Participants with T2D, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥50‒≤75 mL/min/1.73 m2 and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) \u3e300‒100‒ RESULTS: Enrolled participants (N = 3 534) had a baseline mean (SD) age of 66.6 (9.0) years, HbA1c of 7.8 (1.3) %, diabetes duration of 17.4 (9.3) years, eGFR of 47.0 (15.2) mL/min/1.73 m2 and median UACR of 568 (range: 2‒11 852) mg/g. According to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guideline categorisation, 68.2% were at very high risk for CKD progression. CONCLUSION: FLOW will evaluate the effect of semaglutide on kidney outcomes in participants with CKD and T2D, and is expected to complete in late 2024