Polarity Sensitivity as a Potential Correlate of Neural Degeneration in Cochlear Implant Users.

Cochlear implant (CI) performance varies dramatically between subjects. Although the causes of this variability remain unclear, the electrode-neuron interface is thought to play an important role. Here we evaluate the contribution of two parameters of this interface on the perception of CI listeners: the electrode-to-modiolar wall distance (EMD), estimated from cone-beam computed tomography (CT) scans, and a measure of neural health. Since there is no objective way to quantify neural health in CI users, we measure stimulus polarity sensitivity, which is assumed to be related to neural degeneration, and investigate whether it also correlates with subjects' performance in speech recognition and spectro-temporal modulation detection tasks. Detection thresholds were measured in fifteen CI users (sixteen ears) for partial-tripolar triphasic pulses having an anodic or a cathodic central phase. The polarity effect was defined as the difference in threshold between cathodic and anodic stimuli. Our results show that both the EMD and the polarity effect correlate with detection thresholds, both across and within subjects, although the within-subject correlations were weak. Furthermore, the mean polarity effect, averaged across all electrodes for each subject, was negatively correlated with performance on a spectro-temporal modulation detection task. In other words, lower cathodic thresholds were associated with better spectro-temporal modulation detection performance, which is also consistent with polarity sensitivity being a marker of neural degeneration. Implications for the design of future subject-specific fitting strategies are discussed

Vers une meilleure compréhension de l'interface entre l'implant cochléaire et le nerf auditif : mesures électriques intracochléaires et psychophysique

L'implant cochléaire est une prothèse neurale implantée visant à restituer une sensation auditive chez des personnes souffrant de surdité neurosensorielle sévère à profonde. Si les performances en reconnaissance de la parole sont relativement bonnes dans le silence, elles chutent dramatiquement dans des environnements sonores complexes. L'une des principales limites de l'appareil vient du fait que chaque électrode stimule une large portion de la cochlée. Ainsi lorsque plusieurs électrodes sont activées les champs électriques produits interfèrent ce qui détériore la transmissions des informations sonores. Plusieurs modes de stimulation ont été proposés pour remédier à ce problème mais les améliorations en termes de reconnaissance de la parole restent limités. Dans ce projet, nous cherchons tout d'abord à expliquer via une simulateur acoustique, les résultats décevants obtenus avec le mode de stimulation bipolaire. Dans un deuxième temps nous tentons de mieux comprendre le comportement électrique de l'oreille interne implantée afin d'optimiser la stimulation multipolaire phased array (van den Honert et Kelsall 2007). Pour obtenir une stimulation efficace il faut par ailleurs s'assurer de l'état de la population neuronale à stimuler. Dans ce projet nous essayons donc de mieux comprendre l'interface électrode-neurones et d'identifier un possible corrélat psychophysique de l'état des neurones. Enfin nous discutons la possibilité de créer une stimulation optimale focalisée directement au niveau des neurones.The cochlear implant is a neural prosthesis designed to restore an auditory sensation to people suffering from severe to profound sensorineural deafness. While satisfying speech recognition can be achieved in silence, their performance dramatically drop in more complex environments. One main limitations of the present device is due to the fact that each electrode stimulates a wide portion of the cochlea. As a result, when several electrodes are activated, the electrical field produced by different electrodes overlap which distorts the transmission of sound information. Several alternative stimulation modes have been proposed to overcome this issue but the benefit in terms of speech recognition remained limited. In this project, we first used an acoustic simulator of the cochlear implant to explain the desappointing results obtained with the bipolar stimuilation mode. We then try to better understand the electrical behavior of the implanted cochlea in order to optimize the multipolar phased array stimulation strategy ( van den Honert and Kelsall 2007). To achieve an efficient stimulation of the neural population it is necessary to determine the distribution of neural survival. In this project we aim to better understand the electrode-neuron interface and identify a possible psychophysical correlate of neural survival. Finally, we discuss the main results and the possibility to design an optimal stimulation strategy to achieve a spatially-focussed electrical field at the level of the nerve fibers

Simulating the bimodal excitation spread produced by bipolar stimulation: Effect on speech intelligibility

International audienc

Simulation du pattern d'excitation bimodal généré par la stimulation bipolaire de l'implant cochléaire

International audienc

Simulating the bimodal excitation spread produced by bipolar stimulation of a cochlear implant: Effect on speech intelligibility

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Simulating the dual-peak excitation pattern produced by bipolar stimulation of a cochlear implant: Effects on speech intelligibility

International audienceSeveral electrophysiological and psychophysical studies have shown that the spatial excitation pattern produced by bipolar stimulation of a cochlear implant (CI) can have a dual-peak shape. The perceptual effects of this dual-peak shape were investigated using noise-vocoded CI simulations in which synthesis filters were designed to simulate the spread of neural activity produced by various electrode configurations, as predicted by a simple cochlear model. Experiments 1 and 2 tested speech recognition in the presence of a concurrent speech masker for various sets of single-peak and dual-peak synthesis filters and different numbers of channels. Similarly as results obtained in real CIs, both monopolar (MP, single-peak) and bipolar (BP + 1, dual-peak) simulations showed a plateau of performance above 8 channels. The benefit of increasing the number of channels was also lower for BP + 1 than for MP. This shows that channel interactions in BP + 1 become especially deleterious for speech intelligibility when a simulated electrode acts both as an active and as a return electrode for different channels because envelope information from two different analysis bands are being conveyed to the same spectral location. Experiment 3 shows that these channel interactions are even stronger in wide BP configuration (BP + 5), likely because the interfering speech envelopes are less correlated than in narrow BP + 1. Although the exact effects of dual- or multi-peak excitation in real CIs remain to be determined, this series of experiments suggest that multipolar stimulation strategies, such as bipolar or tripolar, should be controlled to avoid neural excitation in the vicinity of the return electrodes

Simulations acoustiques de l'implant cochléaire: Modélisation de la configuration géométrique des électrodes et effets sur la perception de la parole

National audienc

Simulating the bimodal spread of excitation produced by bipolar stimulation : Effects on speech intelligibility.”

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Optimisation du codage spatio-temporel de l’information sonore dans l’implant cochléaire : Vers une caractérisation sujet-spécifique de l’interface électrode/neurones

National audienc

Pulse-spreading harmonic complex as an alternative carrier for vocoder simulations of cochlear implantsa)

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