Knowledge, Attitude and Factors Associated with the Use of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods among Women of Reproductive Age in Gesuba Town, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Population growth is a major concern in developing countries in view of its impact on broader socio-economic development. Ethiopia like most countries in sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid population growth with a rate of 3%. Thus, utilization of long acting and permanent methods positively influence socio-economic development of a nation by allowing families to space and limit their family size to their economic capacity. This study was aimed to assess knowledge; attitude and factors associated with the use of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPMs) among reproductive age group women in Gesuba town, southern Ethiopia. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 20 to December 27- 2014, in Gesuba town, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 375 study subjects were selected by systematic random sampling technique from mothers of Reproductive age group (15-49). Data was collected by using structured interviewer administered questionnaire. SPSS Version 20 was used to enter, clean and analyze. Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariate logistic regression model with 95% CI were used. Result: A total of 361 women of reproductive age group were participated with a response rate of 96.3%. Utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods was 37 (10.2%). Women with good knowledge about these methods were 32.1% while 32.7% and 35.2% of them were moderately and poorly knowledgeable respectively. Generally, 198 (54.8%) of the respondents had negative attitude, whereas 163 (45.2%) of them had positive attitude towards these methods. women who have good knowledge on the methods were about four times more likely to utilize [AOR=4.1: 95% CI, 1.8-9.1]. Conclusion and Recommendation: Knowledge and utilization of LAPMs were low. Likewise, more than half of the participants had negative attitude. Having good knowledge in LAPMs was predictor of its utilization. Thus, strategies to increase women’s knowledge on LAPMs will have significant contribution to increase the utilization. Keywords: LAPMs, knowledge, Attitud

Determinants of Pelvic Organ Prolapse among Gynecological Cases in Wolaita Sodo University Referral Teaching Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: A Case Control Study

Background: Pelvic organ prolapse is the down ward descent of female pelvic organs including the bladder, small and large bowel resulting in protrusion of the vagina, uterus or both. Most women are unwilling to discuss this problem with each other and even with health professionals. This study aimed to assess factors affecting pelvic organ prolapse among gynecologic cases in Wolaita Sodo University Referral Teaching Hospital. Methods: An institutional based case-control study was conducted from June, 2013 to August 30/2013 in Wolaita Sodo University Referral   Teaching Hospital. A total sample size of   318, women with vaginal prolapse as a case (n=159) and women’s without vaginal prolapse as control (n=159) were used. Data were entered into EPI Info version 3.22 and exported, cleaned, edited and analyzed in SPSS version 16.0. Odds ratios in binary and multivariate logistic regression model along with 95% confidence interval were used. Results: In this study there was significant difference among cases of Pelvic organ prolapse and their control in past obstetric history. Age at first marriage, parity and, place of delivery were statistically associated with pelvic organ prolapse (AOR=11.6; 95% CI: 4.29- 31.33), (AOR=3.05; 95% CI: 1.67- 5.6) and (AOR=8.5; 95% CI: 3.8-19.3) respectively. Likewise, marriage before age of 15, gravid above three, home delivery and prolonged labor were statistically associated with pelvic organ prolapse. Conclusion: Early marriage, early child birth, multi-parity, home delivery and prolonged labor were the risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse. Moreover, chronic constipation, chronic cough and heavy weight lifting were also significant predictors of pelvic organ prolapse. Hence, different stake holders, programmers and implementers should aggressively take responsibility to prevent early marriage, train health professionals to encourage women to use family planning and institutional delivery was recommended. Keywords:  Pelvic organ prolapse, early child birth, parity, Wolaita, Ethiopi

Knowledge, Attitude and Factors Associated with the Use of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods among Women of Reproductive Age in Gesuba Town, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Population growth is a major concern in developing countries in view of its impact on broader socio-economic development. Ethiopia like most countries in sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid population growth with a rate of 3%. Thus, utilization of long acting and permanent methods positively influence socio-economic development of a nation by allowing families to space and limit their family size to their economic capacity. This study was aimed to assess knowledge; attitude and factors associated with the use of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPMs) among reproductive age group women in Gesuba town, southern Ethiopia. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 20 to December 27- 2014, in Gesuba town, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 375 study subjects were selected by systematic random sampling technique from mothers of Reproductive age group (15-49). Data was collected by using structured interviewer administered questionnaire. SPSS Version 20 was used to enter, clean and analyze. Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariate logistic regression model with 95% CI were used. Result: A total of 361 women of reproductive age group were participated with a response rate of 96.3%. Utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods was 37 (10.2%). Women with good knowledge about these methods were 32.1% while 32.7% and 35.2% of them were moderately and poorly knowledgeable respectively. Generally, 198 (54.8%) of the respondents had negative attitude, whereas 163 (45.2%) of them had positive attitude towards these methods. women who have good knowledge on the methods were about four times more likely to utilize [AOR=4.1: 95% CI, 1.8-9.1]. Conclusion and Recommendation: Knowledge and utilization of LAPMs were low. Likewise, more than half of the participants had negative attitude. Having good knowledge in LAPMs was predictor of its utilization. Thus, strategies to increase women’s knowledge on LAPMs will have significant contribution to increase the utilization. Keywords: LAPMs, knowledge, Attitud

The Current Status and Factors Associated With Implanon Service Provision by the Health Extension Workers at the Health Post Level, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: Family Planning is often taken as one of the "Magic Bullet" interventions owing to its high impact and wide reaching nature in achieving multiple goals. This study aimed to assess the current status and the factors associated with health post level Implanon service provision through trained health extension workers in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among trained health extension workers in Wolaita zone in February 2013. A simple random sampling technique was used to identify a total of 285 trained HEWs. First bivariate, then multivariate logistic regression model along with 95% confidence interval was used to see the independent effect of factors associated with current Implanon service provision by the health extension workers. Results: Currently, the number of Implaon providing trained health extension workers in Wolaita was 264(45.8%). Distance of health post from district health offices and health center, turnover of trained health extension workers in the health post, interest of trained health extension workers in providing Implanon and their job satisfaction to serve as a health extension workers and availability of service delivery guidelines and teaching aids were associated with the current provision of Implanon by health extension workers. Conclusion: Implanon provision among trained health extension workers was affected by different factors. Hence, improving the working conditions of trained health extension workers, regular and periodic facilitative supervision, availing service delivery guidelines and improvement of health management information system are recommended

Prevalence of Induced Abortion and Associated Factors among Wachamo University Regular Female Students, Southern Ethiopia.

Background: All over the world, women experience unwanted pregnancy and some of them seek to terminate the pregnancy and undergo induced abortion. In Ethiopia, abortion is still common and it is one of the contributing factors for maternal death. In 2008 it was estimated that, there were 382,000 induced abortions in Ethiopia and 52,600 women were treated for complications of abortion. Most of these women who tend to experience induced abortion are adolescents and youth with age below 25 years. The aim of this study was, to assess the magnitude of induced abortion and associated factors among Wachamo University regular female students. Methods: A cross sectional study design was used. Data were collected from 461 randomly selected female students of Wachamo University by using pre-tested structured questionnaire from January to March, 2015. The collected data were entered using EPI info Version 3.5.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics was computed and odds ratio along with the 95% confidence interval was estimated to identify factors associated with induced abortion using multivariate logistic regression. Level of statistical significance was declared at P- value less or equal to 0.05. Results: In this study the prevalence of induced abortion was 5.9% (95% CI 3.8-8.0%), from which 9(33.3%) were conducted in an unsafe conditions. A total of 180(39 %) female students had sex and 58 (12.58%) of them get pregnant. Out of the total pregnancies, 53(91.4%) were unwanted. Based on the results from multivariate logistic regression, living out of campus [AOR= 6.78, 95% CI: (1.44, 31.97)], Substance use [AOR= 4.75, 95% CI: (1.12, 20.16)], and earning enough pocket money [AOR= 6.91, 95% CI: (1.62, 29.50)] were significantly associated factors with induced abortion. Conclusion and Recommendation: A significant proportion of pregnancies among students in higher educational institution are terminated with induced abortion. Living out of campus, substance use and pocket money have significant association with induced abortion. The university and local health bodies should work together to address for prevention of unintended pregnancy and induced abortion. Key words: Induced abortion, Abortion, Adolescent and yout

Needle-stick and Sharps Injuries Among Health Care Workers in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Needle-stick and Sharps injuries to health care workers constitute a major public health concern and the problem is more severe in low income setting. This study examines the magnitude of needle-sticks and sharps injuries and its associated factors among health care workers in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia.Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted in February 2016. Health care workers (n=760) of various occupations were the study population. A cluster sampling technique was used. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was entered into EPI info version 3.5.4 and exported into SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Binary logistic regression model is used to identify factors associated with the outcome variable, and finally multivariate logistic regression model is used to identify independent predictors of the outcome, with statistical significance set at p<0.050 (95% confidence interval (CI)).Results: Three hundred and forty three (55.1%) health care workers were injured by needle-stick and sharps in the past one year. Occupation (AOR: 3.07; 95%CI: 1.80-5.25), and inconsistent wearing of gloves (AOR: 2.87; 95%CI: 2.00-4.12) were independent predictors of needle-stick and sharps injuries.Conclusion: The level of needle-stick and sharps injuries was high. All relevant stake holders in health need to provide training on prevention of needle-stick and sharps injuries to health care workers and ensure consistent wearing of gloves over their whole professional career. Keywords: Health care workers, Needle-stick and sharps injuries, Ethiopia

Needle-stick and Sharps Injuries Among Health Care Workers in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Needle-stick and Sharps injuries to health care workers constitute a major public health concern and the problem is more severe in low income setting. This study examines the magnitude of needle-sticks and sharps injuries and its associated factors among health care workers in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia.Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted in February 2016. Health care workers (n=760) of various occupations were the study population. A cluster sampling technique was used. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was entered into EPI info version 3.5.4 and exported into SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Binary logistic regression model is used to identify factors associated with the outcome variable, and finally multivariate logistic regression model is used to identify independent predictors of the outcome, with statistical significance set at p<0.050 (95% confidence interval (CI)).Results: Three hundred and forty three (55.1%) health care workers were injured by needle-stick and sharps in the past one year. Occupation (AOR: 3.07; 95%CI: 1.80-5.25), and inconsistent wearing of gloves (AOR: 2.87; 95%CI: 2.00-4.12) were independent predictors of needle-stick and sharps injuries.Conclusion: The level of needle-stick and sharps injuries was high. All relevant stake holders in health need to provide training on prevention of needle-stick and sharps injuries to health care workers and ensure consistent wearing of gloves over their whole professional career. Keywords: Health care workers, Needle-stick and sharps injuries, Ethiopia

Intimate partner violence against women living with and without HIV, and the associated factors in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to measure the prevalence and associated factors of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) among women living with and without HIV in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia.MethodsA comparative cross-sectional study design was used to interview the 816 women between 18-49 years of age (408 = HIV positive, 408 = HIV negative). Using a multistage sampling technique, participants were recruited from nine health facilities based on probability proportional to the number of clients. After data entry (EpiData version 4.4.2.0) the data were exported to STATA/SE 15 software. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis were undertaken and the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) are presented.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of IPV among all women was 59.7%, [95% CI: 56.31%-63.05%]. IPV was slightly higher among women living with HIV, 250(61.3%), than those who were HIV negative, 238(58.1%). Lifetime prevalence of emotional violence 413(50.6%), physical violence 349(42.8%), sexual violence 219(26.8%), and controlling behaviours by husbands/partners 489(59.9%) were reported. Associations were found between IPV and controlling behaviour of husband/partner [AOR = 8.13; 95% CI: 4.93-13.42],income [AOR = 3.97; 95% CI:1.81-8.72], bride price payment [AOR = 3.46; 95% CI:1.74-6.87], women's decision to refuse sex [AOR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.39-6.41],age group of women [AOR = 2.86; 95% CI:1.67-4.90], partner's family choosing wife [AOR = 2.83; 95% CI:1.70-4.69], alcohol consumption by partner [AOR = 2.36;95% CI:1.36-4.10], number of sexual partners [AOR = 2.35; 95% CI:1.36-4.09], and if partner ever physically fought with another man [AOR = 1.83; 95% CI:1.05-3.19].ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of IPV against women both living with and without HIV. Policy priorities should therefore involve males in programs of gender-based violence prevention in order to change their violent behaviour, and interventions are required to improve the economic status of women. Both sexes should be advised to have a single partner and marriage arrangements should be by mutual consent rather than being made by parents

Mapping the evidence of intimate partner violence among women living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

Objectives The present study undertakes a scoping review aimed to map the evidence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women living with HIV/AIDS in Africa.Design We used the online database to identify papers published from 1 January 2009 to 1 April 2019, from which we selected 21 articles from Uganda, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Zambia, Ethiopia, Cameroon, Tanzania and Swaziland that used IPV as an outcome variable among women living with HIV/AIDS.Data sources PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO host, Google Scholar.Eligibility criteria We included women who were aged 15 years and above, living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.Data extraction and synthesis We conducted the abstract screening with two independent reviewers. We also performed full-text screening. We used the six methodological frameworks proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool was used to determine the quality of the studies. We used NVIVO software V.12 to undertake a thematic analysis.Results Of the studies, the majority, 57.1%, reported cross-sectional results. In comparison, 23.8% examined qualitative studies, 9.5% were clinical trials, 4.8% were cohort studies and the remaining 4.8% covered grey literature. This review revealed evidence of IPV experience among women with HIV/AIDS, evidence of how HIV status disclosure influences IPV, proof of the association of sociodemographic characteristics with IPV and implications for practice. Moreover, the review revealed that following the serostatus disclosure, there is evidence of heightened risk for IPV.Conclusions This study found evidence of IPV among women living with HIV/AIDS. The HIV-positive women were at considerable risk of IPV after disclosure of their serostatus to a male partner. Therefore, further research is needed to promote action to reduce IPV among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women and to determine healthcare workers’ IPV screening experience