17 research outputs found
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Spectral investigation of the molecular vibration region of single crystalline potassium sulfate
A spectral investigation of the molecular vibration region of
the potassium sulfate crystal system was undertaken. This study was
initiated to establish the feasibility of using this crystal as a
host matrix for ammonium sulfate. Since these two systems are isomorphic
and have unit cells of nearly equal volume the ammonium ion
can be studied in a surrounding similar to that of the ammonium sulfate
crystal with a variable degree of inter-ion coupling by doping the
potassium sulfate crystal with different amounts of ammonium sulfate.
The potassium sulfate vibration region was characterized, by
infrared transmission and reflection measurements plus laser Raman
scattering. A technique incorporating a reflection goniometer was
used to identify the habit of laboratory grown potassium sulfate
crystals and to guide the preparation of faces perpendicular
to each of the three principle axis. Spectra invoking polarized
radiation were subsequently obtained from these faces and band assignments
made on the basis of a correlation diagram.
Preliminary transmission investigations of ammonium doped
potassium sulfate gave excellent results establishing the feasibility
of this approach
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Clear Liquor Scrubbing with Anhydrite Production
The objective of this project to develop an advanced flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process that has decreased capital and operating costs, higher SO{sub 2} removal efficiency, and better by-product solids quality than existing, commercially available technology. A clear liquor process (which uses a scrubbing liquid with no solids) will be used to accomplish this objective rather than a slurry liquor process (which contains solids). This clear liquor scrubbing (CLS) project is focused on three research areas: (1) Development of a clear liquor scrubbing process that uses a clear solution to remove SO{sub 2} from flue gas and can be operated under inhibited-oxidation conditions; (2) Development of an anhydrite process that converts precipitated calcium sulfite to anhydrous calcium sulfate (anhydrite); and (3) Development of an alkali/humidification process to remove HCl from flue gas upstream of the FGD system. The anhydrite process also can be retrofit into existing FGD systems to produce a valuable by-product as an alternative to gypsum. This fits well into another of FETC's PRDA objectives of developing an advanced byproduct recovery subsystem capable of transforming SO{sub 2} into a useable byproduct or high-volume valuable commodities of interest. This paper describes the proposed processes, outlines the test approach, and preliminary Phase I test results
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Enhanced Control of Mercury and other HAP by Innovative Modifications to Wet FGD Processes
The overall objective of this project was to learn more about controlling emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from coal-fired power plants that are equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. The project was included by FETC as a Phase I project in its Mega-PRDA program. Phase I of this project focused on three research areas. These areas in order of priority were: (1) Catalytic oxidation of vapor-phase elemental mercury; (2) Enhanced particulate-phase HAPs removal by electrostatic charging of liquid droplets; and (3) Enhanced mercury removal by addition of additives to FGD process liquor. Mercury can exist in two forms in utility flue gas--as elemental mercury and as oxidized mercury (predominant form believed to be HgCl{sub 2}). Previous test results have shown that wet scrubbers effectively remove the oxidized mercury from the gas but are ineffective in removing elemental mercury. Recent improvements in mercury speciation techniques confirm this finding. Catalytic oxidation of vapor-phase elemental mercury is of interest in cases where a wet scrubber exists or is planned for SO{sub 2} control. If a low-cost process could be developed to oxidize all of the elemental mercury in the flue gas, then the maximum achievable mercury removal across the existing or planned wet scrubber would increase. Other approaches for improving control of HAPs included a method for improving particulate removal across the FGD process and the use of additives to increase mercury solubility. This paper discusses results related only to catalytic oxidation of elemental mercury