Patrice Bret, Konstantinos Chatzis, Liliane Pérez dir., La presse et les périodiques techniques en Europe 1750-1950, Paris

En 2003, les trois éditeurs de ce recueil ont résolu d’enrichir l’histoire des techniques d’une recherche sur l’origine et l’institutionnalisation (la mise en place selon l’expression des éditeurs) de la presse technique, comme participant d’une réflexion générale sur l’imprimé technique (traités savants, catalogues commerciaux, prospectus, modes d’emploi, dictionnaires, périodiques). L’Europe, cela voulait dire la France, l’Angleterre, l’Allemagne, mais aussi les pays plus « périphériques » ..

The mere handicrafts : Ure’s Dictionary (1839-1853)compared with the Dictionnaire technologique(1822-1835)

Technology, in the nineteenth-century sense of ‘science of the industrial arts’, comes in two varieties. The tradition of special technology began in 1777, when Beckmann published his Anleitung zur Technologie. The tradition of general technology began in 1806, when Beckmann published his Entwurf der allgemeinen Technologie. The former tradition entered France at the turn of the century. One of the more important French technological productions is the Dictionnaire technologique, launched by Lenormand and Francœur in 1822. Examples of the latter tradition are Christian’s Plan de technonomie and Ure’s Philosophy of Manufactures. Ure was also active in the field of special technology. In 1839, he published the first edition of his Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. This dictionary has 1 million words, the Dictionnaire technologique four million. The difference of three million words has to be explained by the fact that Ure explicitly omitted various parts of human industry, particularly the mere handicrafts. It turns out that he is especially interested in automatic manufactures operating with self-acting machines, the most perfect manufacture being that which dispenses entirely with manual labour. In this technological utopia, the mere handicrafts would have become obsolete, and the workshop of the artisan would have been replaced by the automatic factory.Il y a deux genres de technologie, ou « science des arts industriels », comme on disait au dix-neuvième siècle. La tradition de la technologie spéciale commençait en 1777, au moment où Beckmann publiait son Anleitung zur Technologie. La tradition de la technologie générale commençait en 1806, au moment où Beckmann publiait son Entwurf der allgemeinen Technologie. Celle-là a été introduite en France à la fin du dix-huitième siècle. L’un des plus importants ouvrages technologiques français est le Dictionnaire technologique, inauguré, en 1822, par Lenormand et Francœur. Celle-ci est représentée par le Plan de technonomie de Christian et la Philosophy of Manufactures d’Ure. Ure a aussi bien contribué à la technologie spéciale. En 1839, il a publié la première édition de son Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. Ce dictionnaire contient environ un million de mots. Le Dictionnaire technologique en contient quatre million. La différence de trois millions de mots doit être expliquée par le fait que Ure a omis, d’une manière explicite, plusieurs branches de l’industrie humaine, en particulier les purs métiers. Il paraît qu’il s’intéresse principalement aux manufactures où les fonctions productives sont exercées par des machines automoteurs, et qu’il est d’avis que la plus parfaite manufacture est celle qui peut se passer entièrement du travail des mains. Dans cette utopie technique, les purs métiers seraient devenus obsolètes, et l’atelier de l’artisan serait remplacé par la manufacture automatique

Le déclin de la technologie générale : Léon Lalanne et l’ascendance de la science des machines

Dans ses deux écrits sur la technologie (1840, 1843), Léon Lalanne a fait la transition entre le discours technologique classique, centré sur la production artisanale et ses opérations manuelles, et la technologie comme science intermédiaire, centrée sur les machines et leurs explications mécaniques. Dans son Essai philosophique, il est encore tout près des technologues comme Gérard-Joseph Christian, Andrew Ure et André-Marie Ampère, mais la mécanique appliquée figure déjà explicitement dans sa philosophie. Quelques années plus tard, la technologie classique est réduite à une collection de faits divers. La nouvelle technologie se situe dans les domaines de la mécanique, de la cinématique, des forces, des machines, du travail mécanique, des moteurs inanimés. Et les sciences qui s’en occupent sont des sciences intermédiaires, selon les mots de Charles Laboulaye et d’Hélène Vérin. La technologie n’est plus la théorie d’une pratique, mais se situe entre les pratiques et les sciences physiques.In his two essays on technology (1840, 1843), Léon Lalanne made the transition from the classical discourse on technology, focused on artisanal production and its manual operations, to technology as an intermediary science, focused on machines and their scientific explanations. In his Essai philosophique, he still writes in the tradition of Gérard-Joseph Christian, Andrew Ure, and André-Marie Ampère, but applied mechanics is already an explicit topic of his philosophy. Three years later, classical technology has been reduced to a series of anecdotes. The new technology is to be found in the fields of mechanics, kinetics, forces, machines, mechanical work, inanimate motive powers. And the pertinent sciences are intermediary sciences, according to the expression presented by Charles Laboulaye and Hélène Vérin. Technology is no longer the theory of a practice, but is situated between a practice and the physical sciences

Le déclin de la technologie générale : Léon Lalanne et l’ascendance de la science des machines

Dans ses deux écrits sur la technologie (1840, 1843), Léon Lalanne a fait la transition entre le discours technologique classique, centré sur la production artisanale et ses opérations manuelles, et la technologie comme science intermédiaire, centrée sur les machines et leurs explications mécaniques. Dans son Essai philosophique, il est encore tout près des technologues comme Gérard-Joseph Christian, Andrew Ure et André-Marie Ampère, mais la mécanique appliquée figure déjà explicitement dans sa philosophie. Quelques années plus tard, la technologie classique est réduite à une collection de faits divers. La nouvelle technologie se situe dans les domaines de la mécanique, de la cinématique, des forces, des machines, du travail mécanique, des moteurs inanimés. Et les sciences qui s’en occupent sont des sciences intermédiaires, selon les mots de Charles Laboulaye et d’Hélène Vérin. La technologie n’est plus la théorie d’une pratique, mais se situe entre les pratiques et les sciences physiques.In his two essays on technology (1840, 1843), Léon Lalanne made the transition from the classical discourse on technology, focused on artisanal production and its manual operations, to technology as an intermediary science, focused on machines and their scientific explanations. In his Essai philosophique, he still writes in the tradition of Gérard-Joseph Christian, Andrew Ure, and André-Marie Ampère, but applied mechanics is already an explicit topic of his philosophy. Three years later, classical technology has been reduced to a series of anecdotes. The new technology is to be found in the fields of mechanics, kinetics, forces, machines, mechanical work, inanimate motive powers. And the pertinent sciences are intermediary sciences, according to the expression presented by Charles Laboulaye and Hélène Vérin. Technology is no longer the theory of a practice, but is situated between a practice and the physical sciences

Éclairer les arts : Eugène Julia de Fontenelle (1780-1842), ses manuels Roret et la pénétration des sciences appliquées dans les arts et manufactures

Eugène Julia de Fontenelle, professeur de chimie à l’École de médecine de Paris, a écrit 22 manuels Roret entre 1826 et 1841. Ces manuels appartenaient à une collection consacrée à la description technologique des arts industriels. « Éclairer les arts » par la physique et la chimie était le dessein principal de ces technologies. Elles devaient aider à résoudre les problèmes de l’éducation technique et à attaquer les corporations et ses façons de transmettre le savoir-faire. Une brève analyse de sept manuels de Julia montre à quel genre de lecteurs il a songé, comment il s’est efforcé de lutter contre le caractère « empirique » des procédés artisanaux, comment il a applaudi la pénétration réussie des sciences dans les arts traditionnels, comment bien des fois cette louange n’était que de la rhétorique, et comment, vers la fin de sa vie, il a fini par tempérer ses opinions à l’égard du savoir-faire traditionnel.Eugène Julia de Fontenelle, professor of chemistry at the Paris Medical School, wrote 22 Roret manuals between 1826 and 1841. These manuals belonged to a collection devoted to the technological description of the industrial arts. « Enlightening the arts » by physics and chemistry was the main purpose of these technologies. They should help solve the problems of technical education and attack the corporations and their traditional ways of knowledge transmission. A short analysis of seven of Julia’s manuals show what kind of readers he had in mind, how he tried to fight the « empirical » character of artisanal manufacturing processes, how he praised the successful penetration of science into the traditional arts, how this praise was often of a rhetorical nature, and, finally, how, at the end of his life, he softened his opinions on traditional technical knowledge. technology, Roret manual, applied sciences, Chaptal, guilds, popularizatio

Alien macroinvertebrates in Flanders (Belgium)

Biological invasions of aquatic macroinvertebrates are gaining interest because of their potential for significant ecological and socio-economic impacts (positive and negative). In the present study, an inventory was made of the alien macroinvertebrates occurring in Flanders (northern Belgium) based on extensive existing collections of biological samples and supplemented with our additional sampling programs. Fresh and brackish waters as well as the Belgian coastal harbours, situated at the interface of the marine environment, were investigated. Over 2,500 samples containing alien macroinvertebrates were identified to species level, which allowed us to accurately map their distribution in Flanders. Alien macroinvertebrates are widespread and abundant in many watercourses in Flanders. Four new macroinvertebrate species for Flanders were discovered: Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), Echinogammarus trichiatus (Martynov, 1932), Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846) and Laonome calida Capa, 2007. Fifty-two alien macroinvertebrates were encountered in fresh and slightly brackish surface waters, and 21 alien species were reported for the Belgian part of the North Sea and its adjacent estuaries. Most alien macroinvertebrates collected were crustaceans and molluscs. Alien species found in fresh and brackish water mainly originate from the Ponto-Caspian area and North America; fewer species originated from Asia and South- and East-Europe. The major pathways were probably shipping and dispersal through canals. Based on observations in neighbouring countries, several additional species are expected to arrive in the near future. Follow-up work is needed to assess the ecological and economic impacts of existing alien macroinvertebrates, and a monitoring program is needed to detect new incoming species

The safety of agomelatine in standard medical practice in depressed patients : a 26‐week international multicentre cohort study

© 2020 The Authors. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Objective: The present observational cohort study documented the safety of agomelatine in current medical practice in out-patients suffering from major depressive disorder. Method: The 6-month evolution of agomelatine-treated patients was assessed with a focus on safety (emergent adverse events, liver acceptability), severity of depression using the Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) score, and functioning measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Results: A total of 8453 depressed patients from 761 centres in 6 countries were analysed (female: 67.7%; mean age: 49.1 ± 14.8 years). Adverse events reported were in accordance with the known safety profile of agomelatine. Cutaneous events were reported in 1.7% of the patients and increased hepatic transaminases values were reported in 0.9 % of the patients. The incidence of events related to suicide/self-injury was 1.0%. Two completed suicides, not related to the study drug, were reported. CGI-S total scores and SDS sub-scores improved and numbers of days lost or underproductive decreased over the treatment period. Conclusions: In standard medical practice, agomelatine treatment was associated with a low incidence of side effects. No unexpected events were reported. A decrease in the severity of the depressive episode and improved functioning were observed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Carbohydrate-active enzymes from the zygomycete fungus Rhizopus oryzae: a highly specialized approach to carbohydrate degradation depicted at genome level

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Rhizopus oryzae </it>is a zygomycete filamentous fungus, well-known as a saprobe ubiquitous in soil and as a pathogenic/spoilage fungus, causing Rhizopus rot and mucomycoses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Carbohydrate Active enzyme (CAZy) annotation of the <it>R. oryzae </it>identified, in contrast to other filamentous fungi, a low number of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and a high number of glycosyl transferases (GTs) and carbohydrate esterases (CEs). A detailed analysis of CAZy families, supported by growth data, demonstrates highly specialized plant and fungal cell wall degrading abilities distinct from ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. The specific genomic and growth features for degradation of easily digestible plant cell wall mono- and polysaccharides (starch, galactomannan, unbranched pectin, hexose sugars), chitin, chitosan, β-1,3-glucan and fungal cell wall fractions suggest specific adaptations of <it>R. oryzae </it>to its environment.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>CAZy analyses of the genome of the zygomycete fungus <it>R. oryzae </it>and comparison to ascomycetes and basidiomycete species revealed how evolution has shaped its genetic content with respect to carbohydrate degradation, after divergence from the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.</p

Multi-model seascape genomics identifies distinct environmental drivers of selection among sympatric marine species

Background As global change and anthropogenic pressures continue to increase, conservation and management increasingly needs to consider species’ potential to adapt to novel environmental conditions. Therefore, it is imperative to characterise the main selective forces acting on ecosystems, and how these may influence the evolutionary potential of populations and species. Using a multi-model seascape genomics approach, we compare putative environmental drivers of selection in three sympatric southern African marine invertebrates with contrasting ecology and life histories: Cape urchin (Parechinus angulosus), Common shore crab (Cyclograpsus punctatus), and Granular limpet (Scutellastra granularis). Results Using pooled (Pool-seq), restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq), and seven outlier detection methods, we characterise genomic variation between populations along a strong biogeographical gradient. Of the three species, only S. granularis showed significant isolation-by-distance, and isolation-by-environment driven by sea surface temperatures (SST). In contrast, sea surface salinity (SSS) and range in air temperature correlated more strongly with genomic variation in C. punctatus and P. angulosus. Differences were also found in genomic structuring between the three species, with outlier loci contributing to two clusters in the East and West Coasts for S. granularis and P. angulosus, but not for C. punctatus. Conclusion The findings illustrate distinct evolutionary potential across species, suggesting that species-specific habitat requirements and responses to environmental stresses may be better predictors of evolutionary patterns than the strong environmental gradients within the region. We also found large discrepancies between outlier detection methodologies, and thus offer a novel multi-model approach to identifying the principal environmental selection forces acting on species. Overall, this work highlights how adding a comparative approach to seascape genomics (both with multiple models and species) can elucidate the intricate evolutionary responses of ecosystems to global change

Fungal enzyme sets for plant polysaccharide degradation

Enzymatic degradation of plant polysaccharides has many industrial applications, such as within the paper, food, and feed industry and for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins are the main components of plant cell wall polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are often tightly packed, contain many different sugar residues, and are branched with a diversity of structures. To enable efficient degradation of these polysaccharides, fungi produce an extensive set of carbohydrate-active enzymes. The variety of the enzyme set differs between fungi and often corresponds to the requirements of its habitat. Carbohydrate-active enzymes can be organized in different families based on the amino acid sequence of the structurally related catalytic modules. Fungal enzymes involved in plant polysaccharide degradation are assigned to at least 35 glycoside hydrolase families, three carbohydrate esterase families and six polysaccharide lyase families. This mini-review will discuss the enzymes needed for complete degradation of plant polysaccharides and will give an overview of the latest developments concerning fungal carbohydrate-active enzymes and their corresponding families