Cervical cancer screening uptake and associated factors among Women Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in public hospitals, eastern Ethiopia

BackgroundCervical cancer, the second leading cancer in Ethiopia women, is six times higher among women infected with the Human Immune Virus 1-infected women. Its screening provides protective advantages, and is linked to a decrease in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer and mortality. Although cancer screening has great advantages for early treatment and prevention of further complications, cervical cancer screening uptake is low among women in developing countries. Cervical cancer screening uptake among Women Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (WLHIV) is not well known in Eastern Ethiopia. Thus, we aimed to assess cervical cancer screening uptake and its associated factors among WLHIV in public hospitals in Harar, eastern Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 412 randomly selected HIV-positive women from March 20 to April 20, 2022. The results of the study were presented descriptively in percentages and analytically in odds ratio. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the presence and degree of association between dependent and independent variables. In the multivariable logistic analysis, a p-value of 0.05, and an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were considered to determine independent predictors for the uptake of cervical cancer screening.ResultsCervical cancer screening uptake among WLHIV was 57.5% (95% CI: 52.5, 62.9%). The uptake of cervical cancer screening was significantly associated with age between 20-29 years (AOR = 7.33; 95% CI: 1.98, 27.1), 40-49 years (AOR = 4.37; 95% CI: 1.48, 12.89), tertiary level of education (AOR = 0.197; 95% CI: 0.041, 0.946), good knowledge (AOR = 3.591; 95% CI: 2.123, 6.073), and monthly income of 2501(45.52 $) and above Ethiopian Birr (AOR = 0.389; 95% CI: 0.158, 0.959).ConclusionsMore than half of the participants had undergone cervical cancer screening. Age, marital status, educational status, monthly income, and awareness of cancer screening uptake were all factors related to cervical cancer screening. To maximize uptake, it is necessary to create specific counseling and education programs that target HIV-positive women

Assessment of Postpartum Hemorrhage in a University Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia:A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Despite implementation of different strategies, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) continued to account for a substantial proportion of maternal deaths in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of PPH and its associated factors among women who gave birth in a university hospital in eastern Ethiopia from 1 to 31 March 2020. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A review of 653 randomly selected medical records of all deliveries from 1 March 2018 to 29 February 2020 in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH), a university hospital in eastern Ethiopia, was conducted. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric and reproductive health conditions, and presence of PPH. Data were coded, checked for completeness and entered using EpiData 3.1 and exported to SPSS 20 for analysis. Results were expressed using frequencies, tables and figures. Binary and multiple logistic regression were fitted to identify factors associated with PPH and associations were described using adjusted odds ratio (aOR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Associations with p35 years (aOR = 3.08; 95% CI 1.56, 6.07), no antenatal care (aOR = 3.65; 95% CI 1.97, 6.76), history of PPH (aOR = 4.18; 95% CI 1.99, 8.82), and being grand multigravida (aOR = 3.33; 95% CI 1.14, 9.74) were significantly associated with having PPH. Conclusion: A high proportion of women who gave birth in HFSUH experienced PPH. Prevention and management of PPH should focus on improving antenatal care and prioritize grand multigravida, older women, and women with a previous history of PPH.</p

Assessment of Postpartum Hemorrhage in a University Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia:A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Despite implementation of different strategies, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) continued to account for a substantial proportion of maternal deaths in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of PPH and its associated factors among women who gave birth in a university hospital in eastern Ethiopia from 1 to 31 March 2020. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A review of 653 randomly selected medical records of all deliveries from 1 March 2018 to 29 February 2020 in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH), a university hospital in eastern Ethiopia, was conducted. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric and reproductive health conditions, and presence of PPH. Data were coded, checked for completeness and entered using EpiData 3.1 and exported to SPSS 20 for analysis. Results were expressed using frequencies, tables and figures. Binary and multiple logistic regression were fitted to identify factors associated with PPH and associations were described using adjusted odds ratio (aOR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Associations with p35 years (aOR = 3.08; 95% CI 1.56, 6.07), no antenatal care (aOR = 3.65; 95% CI 1.97, 6.76), history of PPH (aOR = 4.18; 95% CI 1.99, 8.82), and being grand multigravida (aOR = 3.33; 95% CI 1.14, 9.74) were significantly associated with having PPH. Conclusion: A high proportion of women who gave birth in HFSUH experienced PPH. Prevention and management of PPH should focus on improving antenatal care and prioritize grand multigravida, older women, and women with a previous history of PPH

Trends and determinants of pregnancy loss in eastern Ethiopia from 2008 to 2019: analysis of health and demographic surveillance data.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy losses remain a neglected issue and it will be taking more than a century before a pregnant woman in Sub Sahara has the same chance of her baby being born alive as a woman in a high-income country. Pregnancy loss data are limited and not universal in Sub Saharan countries. This study was aimed to assess the magnitude and determinants of pregnancy loss in eastern Ethiopia. METHODS: This study was conducted in, open continues and dynamic cohort of population, Kersa Health and Demographic Survillance site (HDSS) in Eastern Ethiopia in 2008-2019. All mothers who had known pregnancy outcomes during the period and reside in Kersa HDSS were considered. The prevalence proportions were calculated as the sum of all pregnancy loss divided by the number births in the specified year. Log-Binomial regression was used to determine factors associated with pregnancy loss. Prevalence Proportion Ratio (PPR) was used to report the magnitude and strength of association. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: From 39,153 included pregnancies, 810 (20.7; 95%CI:19.32, 22.15 per 1000 births) experienced pregnancy loss. Stillbirth was higher than abortion (11.14 Vs. 9.55 per 1000 births). Lacking own income (aPPR:1.26; 95%CI: 1.01, 1.58), being daily laborer (aPPR:1.44; 95%:1.08, 306) history of previous pregnancy loss (aPPR:2.26, 95%CI:1.69, 3.03), unwanted pregnancy (aPPR:1.26; 95%CI:1.01, 1.80), not receiving antenatal care (aPPR:1.59; 95%CI: 1.19, 2.13) and not receive the TT-vaccine during pregnancy (aPPR:1.33; 95%CI: 1.08, 1.80) were positively associated with pregnancy loss. CONCLUSIONS: The overall rate pregnancy loss was ranged between 19.32, 22.15 per 1000 births with higher still births than miscarriage or abortion. Pregnancy loss was positively associated with social factors reproductive health factors, and maternal health service utilization

Erectile dysfunction and associated factors among patients with diabetes attending follow-up at a public hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design

BackgroundThe global prevalence of erectile dysfunction among patients with diabetes is high. It is the most underestimated problem but has a great physical, psychological, and social impact on the individual with the disease, family, and society in general. Thus, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of erectile dysfunction and associated factors among patients with diabetes attending follow-up at a public hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia.MethodsFacility-based cross-sectional study was conducted on selected 210 adult male patients with diabetes attending follow-up at a public hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia, from 1 February to 30 March 2020. Simple random sampling was used to select study participants. A pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were entered to EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression were carried out, and a P-value of &lt;0.05 was taken as statistically significant.ResultA total of 210 adult male patients with diabetes participated in the study. The overall magnitude of erectile dysfunction was 83.8%, with 26.7% suffering from mild, 37.5% mild to moderate, 29% moderate, and 6.8% severe erectile dysfunctions. Age 46–59 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.560; 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.73, 6.53)], age ≥ 60 years [AOR: 2.9; 95% CI (1.48, 5.67)], and poor glycemic control [AOR: 2.140; 95% CI (1.9, 7.44)] were significantly associated with erectile dysfunction among patients with diabetes.ConclusionThe present study revealed a high magnitude of erectile dysfunction among population with diabetes. The age categories of 46–59 and ≥60 and having poor glycemic control were the only variables significantly associated with erectile dysfunction. Thus, routine screening and management for erectile dysfunction in patients with diabetes should be part of routine medical care particularly for adult male patients and those with poor glycemic control

Birth asphyxia, determinants, and its management among neonates admitted to NICU in Harari and Dire Dawa Public Hospitals, eastern Ethiopia

BackgroundDespite a declining neonatal mortality rate globally, Ethiopia has scored 29–30 deaths per 1,000 live births. Birth asphyxia is a major contributor to neonatal mortality, where 4–9 million newborns develop birth asphyxia each year. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of birth asphyxia, its determinants, and its management among neonates admitted to the NICU in Harari and Dire Dawa public hospitals.MethodsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 409 randomly selected neonates and their index mothers admitted to neonatal intensive care units of public hospitals in Harari and Dire Dawa from June 20 to August 20, 2021. Data were collected through card review and interviewer-administered questionnaires. The collected data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with birth asphyxia. Adjusted odds ratios along with 95% CIs were estimated to measure the strength of the association, and statistical significance was declared at p-value &lt;0.05.ResultsOne-fifth of neonates [20.8% (95% CI: 16.4, 24.6%)] had birth asphyxia. Neonates born by instrumental delivery (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.10, 4.76) and neonates born to mother with PIH (AOR = 3.49, 95% CI: 1.47, 8.27), PROM (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.17, 4.26), and chorioamnionitis (AOR = 3.26, 95% CI: 1.10, 9.61) were more likely to have birth asphyxia compared to their counterpart. Ventilation with a bag and mask 50(58.8), putting on free oxygen 19(22.4), and endotracheal intubation 15(17.6) were taken as management methods.ConclusionOne out of five neonates had birth asphyxia. This urges care providers to adhere to national guidelines of obstetrics and neonatal continuum care. They also need to decrease instrumental delivery and treat PIH, PROM, and chorioamnionitis

Uncertainties in the path to 2030:Increasing trends of under-five mortality in the aftermath of Millennium Development Goal in Eastern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Although Ethiopia was applauded for achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of reducing child mortality, whether the gains sustained beyond the MDG era was rarely studied. In this study, we reported the trends and determinants of under-five mortality (U5M) from 2015 to 2020 in a population based cohort under the Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), eastern Ethiopia. METHODS: We followed pregnant women and their pregnancy outcomes from 2015 to 2020. Each year, data related to death and live births among the follow up population was retrieved. Automated verbal autopsy (InterVA-4) was used to assign the cause of death and Stata 14 was used for analysis. U5M rate was calculated as death among under five children divided by all live births during the study period and described per 1000 live births along with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). A multivariable Cox proportional regression model was used to identify determinant of U5M using adjusted hazard ratio (AHR). Finally, P value <0.05 was considered for declaring statistically significant association. RESULTS: From January 2015 to December 2020, a total of 28 870 live births were registered under the Kersa HDSS, of whom 1335 died before their fifth birthday. The overall U5M rate was 46.3 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval (CI) = 43.79-48.79), with significant increase from 27.9 in 2015 to 54.7 in 2020 (P < 0.041). Diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory tract infection including pneumonia, meningitis and encephalitis, and HIV related deaths were the leading causes of U5M. The hazard of death was higher among children born to poor household (AHR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.27-1.81), rural residents (AHR = 6.0; 95% CI = 3.65-9.91), born to adolescent mothers (AHR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.02-1.95), whose mother didn’t receive antenatal care (AHR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.21-1.69), were born preterm (AHR = 14.1; 95% CI = 9.96-19.89) and had low birth-weight (AHR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.39-2.18). CONCLUSION: We found high level of U5M rate with an increasing trend in the aftermath of the praised MDG4 achievement. Achieving the ambitious U5M of 25 per 1000 live births by 2030 requires addressing diarrheal disease, and respiratory tract infections, and HIV/AIDS. Reasons behind the persistent increase over the study period require further inquiry

Cancellation of elective surgery and associated factors among patients scheduled for elective surgeries in public hospitals in Harari regional state, Eastern Ethiopia

BackgroundCanceling elective surgeries is a significant problem in many hospitals leading to patient dissatisfaction, increased costs, and emotional trauma for patients and their families. Despite this, there is limited information about the cancellation of elective surgeries in Ethiopia, mainly in the study area.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the magnitude of cancellation and associated factors among patients scheduled for elective surgeries in public hospitals in the Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia, from 1 August to 30 August 2021.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 378 patients scheduled for elective surgeries. Data were gathered using a non-random sequential sampling approach. In addition, a structured face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire was employed. The gathered information was input into Epidata version 3.1 and then exported to Statistical Package for Social Software version 26. To find the variables associated with the cancellation of elective surgeries, binary and multi-variable logistic regression analyses were conducted. In the binary analysis, all variables with a p-value of less than 0.25 were included in the multivariable analysis. Finally, a 0.05 p-value with a 95% confidence interval and an adjusted odds ratio was used to declare a significant association.ResultsThis study included 378 patients scheduled for elective surgeries. Among those, 35.2% of the surgeries were canceled (95% confidence interval: 29.4–39.6). Being female (adjusted odds ratio: 2.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.44–4.203), lack of formal education (adjusted odds ratio: 2.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.15–3.58), place of residence (adjusted odds ratio: 1.70; 95% confidence interval: 1.03–2.81), increase in blood pressure (adjusted odds ratio: 5.09; 95% confidence interval:1.90–13.59), and ophthalmologic surgery (adjusted odds ratio: 3.76; 95% confidence interval: 1.41–10.0) were factors associated with the cancellation of elective surgeries.ConclusionIn this study, nearly one third of scheduled elective surgery was canceled. The primary contributing variables to the surgery cancellations were being female, lack of formal education, place of residence, ophthalmologic surgery, and increased blood pressure. Therefore, timely evidence-based reporting through the supervision team was advised to decrease cancellations

Pregnancy-related mortality up to 1 year postpartum in sub-Saharan Africa:an analysis of verbal autopsy data from six countries

Objective: To compare the causes of death for women who died during pregnancy and within the first 42 days postpartum with those of women who died between &gt;42 days and within 1 year postpartum. Design: Open population cohort (Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems). Setting: Ten Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) in The Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Ethiopia and South Africa. Population: 2114 deaths which occurred within 1 year of the end of pregnancy where a verbal autopsy interview was conducted from 2000 to 2019. Methods: InterVA5 and InSilicoVA verbal autopsy algorithms were used to attribute the most likely underlying cause of death, which were grouped according to adapted International Classification of Diseases-Maternal Mortality categories. Multinomial regression was used to compare differences in causes of deaths within 42 days versus 43–365 days postpartum adjusting for HDSS and time period (2000–2009 and 2010–2019). Main outcome measures: Cause of death and the verbal autopsy Circumstances of Mortality Categories (COMCATs). Results: Of 2114 deaths, 1212 deaths occurred within 42 days postpartum and 902 between 43 and 365 days postpartum. Compared with deaths within 42 days, deaths from HIV and TB, other infectious diseases, and non-communicable diseases constituted a significantly larger proportion of late pregnancy-related deaths beyond 42 days postpartum, and health system failures were important in the circumstances of those deaths. The contribution of HIV and TB to deaths beyond 42 days postpartum was greatest in Southern Africa. The causes of pregnancy-related mortality within and beyond 42 days postpartum did not change significantly between 2000–2009 and 2010–2019. Conclusions: Cause of death data from the extended postpartum period are critical to inform prevention. The dominance of HIV and TB, other infectious and non-communicable diseases to (late) pregnancy-related mortality highlights the need for better integration of non-obstetric care with ante-, intra- and postpartum care in high-burden settings

A 12 Years Neonatal Mortality Rate and Its Predictors in Eastern Ethiopia

Introduction . Surviving and thriving of newborn is essential to ending extreme poverty. However, the surviving and thriving of new born is depends on where neonates are born. The true feature of neonatal mortality rate and trends is not well known in the study area. Thus, we aimed to estimate a neonatal mortality incidence in each year, and determine factors associated though pregnancy observation cohort study in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods . The study was conducted in Kersa Health Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS) among 36 kebeles. We extracted all events (38 541 live birth and 776 neonatal death) occurred between January 1, 2008 and December 30, 2019. Neonatal mortality rate was presented by neonatal death per 1000 live birth with 95% confidence interval in each years, and trends of neonatal morality was described with line regression. Cox proportional regression model was used to assess predictors and presented with an adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) and 95% CI. Results . The estimated cumulative average of neonatal mortality rate in this study was 20.3 (95% CI: 18.9-21.8) per 1000 live births. The rate was decline with regression coefficient β = −1.60. Risk of neonatal death was found to be significantly associated with neonate born to mother living in rural Kersa (AHR = 5.31; 95% CI: 3.07-9.18), born to mother not receiving antenatal care (AHR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.15-1.78), low birthweight (AHR = 2.59; 95% CI: 2.05-3.27), and preterm newborn (AHR = 12.10; 95% CI: 9.23-15.86). Conclusion . Neonatal mortality in the study site is far from reaching the national and global target goals