AP-4-mediated axonal transport controls endocannabinoid production in neurons

Davies et al. identify a putative mechanism underlying the childhood neurological disorder AP-4 deficiency syndrome. In the absence of AP-4, an enzyme that makes 2-AG is not transported to the axon, leading to axonal growth defects, which can be rescued by inhibition of 2-AG breakdown. The adaptor protein complex AP-4 mediates anterograde axonal transport and is essential for axon health. AP-4-deficient patients suffer from a severe neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder. Here we identify DAGLB (diacylglycerol lipase-beta), a key enzyme for generation of the endocannabinoid 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol), as a cargo of AP-4 vesicles. During normal development, DAGLB is targeted to the axon, where 2-AG signalling drives axonal growth. We show that DAGLB accumulates at the trans-Golgi network of AP-4-deficient cells, that axonal DAGLB levels are reduced in neurons from a patient with AP-4 deficiency, and that 2-AG levels are reduced in the brains of AP-4 knockout mice. Importantly, we demonstrate that neurite growth defects of AP-4-deficient neurons are rescued by inhibition of MGLL (monoacylglycerol lipase), the enzyme responsible for 2-AG hydrolysis. Our study supports a new model for AP-4 deficiency syndrome in which axon growth defects arise through spatial dysregulation of endocannabinoid signalling.Special thanks to the MPIB Imaging Facility for outstanding technical support, in particular to Giovanni Cardone for his advice and assistance with the implementation of image analysis pipelines, as well as feedback on the manuscript, and to Martin Spitaler for his expert technical advice for imaging experiments

Online comprehensive hydrophilic interaction chromatography × reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for in depth peptidomic profile of microalgae gastro-intestinal digests

In this study, a comprehensive hydrophilic interaction chromatography x reversed phase coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry was developed for the peptide profile of microalgae formulations subjected to gastro-intestinal digestion. A BEH Amide column was employed in the first dimension, while a BIOshell ES-C18 Peptide in the second. As modulation interface, two trapping columns, in house packed with 1.9 mu m fully porous monodisperse C18 particles characterized by high retention and efficiency, were tested and compared with SecurityGuard C18 cartridges, together with a dilution flow, to reduce first dimension mobile phase strength. The platform was coupled to both diode array detector and Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The developed setup provided high peak capacity (n(c): 957) in only 60 min and a good orthogonality (A(0): 0.70). The employment of the custom made C18 traps resulted in improved sensitivity (signal enhancement-4) and a higher number of peptides detected (+58) especially of short lenght (<= 6 aminoacids), with respect to the setup based on the security guard C18 traps. 184 phycocyanin-derived peptides were detected in Klamath and Spirulina gastro-intestinal digests, whose sequence and protein origin has been elucidated in detail by mass spectrometry. The results show the potential of the developed HILIC x RP-MS platform for in depth peptide mapping of microalgae and its possible application to highlight the products of gastro-intestinal digestion of other microalgae species. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Global distribution of material inflows to in‐use stocks in 2011 and its implications for a circularity transition

Around 40% of global raw materials that are extracted every year accumulate as in-use stocks in the form of buildings, infrastructure, transport equipment, and other durable goods. Material inflows to in-use stocks are a key component in the circularity transition, since the reintegration of those materials back into the economy, at the end of the stock's life cycle, means that less extraction of raw materials is required. Thus, understanding the geographical, material, and sectoral distribution of material inflows to in-use stocks globally is crucial for circular economy policies. Here we quantify the geographical, material, and sectoral distributions of material inflows to in-use stocks of 43 countries and 5 rest-of-the-world regions in 2011, using the global, multiregional hybrid units input–output database EXIOBASE v3.3. Among all regions considered, China shows the largest amount of material added to in-use stocks in 2011 (around 46% of global material inflows to in-use stocks), with a per capita value that is comparable to high income regions such as Europe and North America. In these latter regions, more than 90% of in-use stock additions are comprised of non-metallic minerals (e.g., concrete, brick/stone, asphalt, and aggregates) and steel. We discuss the importance of understanding the distribution and composition of materials accumulated in society for a circularity transition. We also argue that future research should integrate the geographical and material resolution of our results into dynamic stock-flow models to determine when these materials will be available for recovery and recycling. This article met the requirements for a Gold-Gold JIE data openness badge described in http://jie.click/badge

Impacto ecológico de los peces continentales introducidos en la penísula ibérica

La península ibérica goza de una rica fauna de peces continentales, muchos de ellos endémicos y amenazados. Una de las causas de su declive es la introducción de especies exóticas o la translocación de algunas nativas a nuevas cuencas. En este trabajo, revisamos los impactos ecológicos de estas introducciones, desde los niveles genético e individual a los de comunidad y global, basándonos principalmente en trabajos de la península. Aunque la evidencia acumulada es considerable, el impacto ecológico de la mayoría de especies e introducciones apenas ha sido estudiado y seguramente es mucho mayor del que se conoce

The circularity gap of nations: A multiregional analysis of waste generation, recovery, and stock depletion in 2011

Due to increased policy attention on circular economy strategies, many studies have quantified material use and recovery at national and global scales. However, there has been no quantitative analysis of the unrecovered waste that can be potentially reintegrated into the economy as materials or products. This can be interpreted as the gap of material circularity. In this paper we define the circularity gap of a country as the generated waste, plus old materials removed from stocks and durable products disposed (i.e. stock depletion), minus recovered waste. We estimated the circularity gap of 43 nations and 5 rest of the world regions in 2011, using the global, multiregional hybrid-units input-output database EXIOBASE v3.3. Our results show the trends of circularity gap in accordance to each region. For example, the circularity gaps of Europe and North America were between 1.6–2.2 tonnes per capita (t/cap), which are more than twice the global average gap (0.8 t/cap). Although these regions presented the major amount of material recovery, their circularity gaps were mostly related to the levels of stock depletion. In Africa and Asia-Pacific regions, the circularity gap was characterized by a low degree of recovery and stock depletion, with high levels of generated waste. Moreover, we discuss which intervention types can be implemented to minimize the circularity gap of nations.Industrial Ecolog

Corrigendum to “The circularity gap of nations: a multiregional analysis of waste generation, recovery, and stock depletion in 2011” [Resour. Conserv. Recy. 151 (2019) 104452]

Refers toGlenn A. Aguilar-Hernandez, Carlos Pablo Sigüenza-Sanchez, Franco Donati, Stefano Merciai, Jannick Schmidt, João F.D. Rodrigues, Arnold TukkerThe circularity gap of nations: A multiregional analysis of waste generation, recovery, and stock depletion in 2011Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 151, December 2019, Pages 104452https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104452Industrial Ecolog