Micro-Flow Imaging: Flow Microscopy Applied to Sub-visible Particulate Analysis in Protein Formulations

The need to monitor, measure, and control sub-visible proteinaceous particulates in biopharmaceutical formulations has been emphasized in recent publications and commentaries. Some of these particulates can be highly transparent, fragile, and unstable. In addition, for much of the size range of concern, no practical measurement method with adequate sensitivity and repeatability has been available. A complication in measuring protein particulates in many formulations is the simultaneous presence of other particle types such as silicone micro-droplets, air bubbles, and extrinsic contaminants. The need has therefore been identified for new analytical methods which can accurately measure and characterize sub-visible particulates in formulations. Micro-flow imaging has been shown to provide high sensitivity in detecting and imaging transparent protein particles and a unique capability to independently analyze such populations even when other particle types are present

Elementary School Guidance in Canadian Urban Areas: A Study of Present Counsellor Functions

The purpose of the study was to clarify the status of elementary schoolguidance in Canadian urban areas. Information on the counsellor's background and the counsellor's work setting were obtained from the responses on the Counsellor Data Blank which was developed by the authors and the 100-item Guidance Services Opinionnaire, a modified version of the Raines Opinionnaire, which was used to determine what the counsellor was presently doing in the school. Results on counsellor characteristics indicated that the typical counsellor had some limited guidance training — either a guidance diploma or was in the process of completing such requirements. The counsellor had at least two years teaching experience and his professional affiliation was usually with the local or provincial association. Many counsellors were faced with large counsellor-pupilratios. Most of the guidance programs were begun in the late 1960's. In terms of present activities counsellors focused their energies on individual contacts concerning children with learning or adjustment difficulties. The results were also examined in terms of Developmental and Traditional approaches to elementary school guidance. The results indicated that counsellors were frequently involved with the traditional activities. Cette étude avait pour but de déterminer l'état de la consultation au niveau élémentaire dans les régions urbaines du Canada. Les auteurs développèrent le Counsellor Data Blank afin de connaître le genre de formation que les conseillers avaient reçu. L'utilisation du Guidance Services Opinionnaire, une forme modifiée du Raines Opinionnaire, révéla les responsabilités et les tâches propres àces conseillers. L'information obtenue indique que le conseiller typique avait reçu une certaine formation en consultation — soit qu'il détenait un diplôme ou était en voie de l'obtenir. Le conseiller avait déjà enseigné pendant au moins deux ans. Il appartenait à une association professionnelle soit au niveau local ouprovincial. Plusieurs conseillers devaient s'occuper d'un très grand nombre d'étudiants. La plupart des programmes de consultation dans ces écoles avaient débuté à la fin des années '60. Les enfants qui éprouvaient des difficultés au niveau de l'apprentissage ou du développement accaparaient la majorité du temps et des énergies du conseiller. Quant aux approches utilisées, les conseillers qui ont participé à cette enquête semblent avoir recours surtout aux démarches de type traditionnel