104 research outputs found
Operando DRIFTS-MS Investigation on Plasmon-Thermal Coupling Mechanism of CO2 Hydrogenation on Au/TiO2: The Enhanced Generation of Oxygen Vacancies
A Comprehensive Overview of Backdoor Attacks in Large Language Models within Communication Networks
The Large Language Models (LLMs) are poised to offer efficient and
intelligent services for future mobile communication networks, owing to their
exceptional capabilities in language comprehension and generation. However, the
extremely high data and computational resource requirements for the performance
of LLMs compel developers to resort to outsourcing training or utilizing
third-party data and computing resources. These strategies may expose the model
within the network to maliciously manipulated training data and processing,
providing an opportunity for attackers to embed a hidden backdoor into the
model, termed a backdoor attack. Backdoor attack in LLMs refers to embedding a
hidden backdoor in LLMs that causes the model to perform normally on benign
samples but exhibit degraded performance on poisoned ones. This issue is
particularly concerning within communication networks where reliability and
security are paramount. Despite the extensive research on backdoor attacks,
there remains a lack of in-depth exploration specifically within the context of
LLMs employed in communication networks, and a systematic review of such
attacks is currently absent. In this survey, we systematically propose a
taxonomy of backdoor attacks in LLMs as used in communication networks,
dividing them into four major categories: input-triggered, prompt-triggered,
instruction-triggered, and demonstration-triggered attacks. Furthermore, we
conduct a comprehensive analysis of the benchmark datasets. Finally, we
identify potential problems and open challenges, offering valuable insights
into future research directions for enhancing the security and integrity of
LLMs in communication networks
A Left Ventricular Mechanical Dyssynchrony-Based Nomogram for Predicting Major Adverse Cardiac Events Risk in Patients With Ischemia and No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease.
Background
The risk stratification of patients with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) remains suboptimal. This study aims to establish a left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD)-based nomogram to improve the present situation.
Methods
Patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) were retrospectively enrolled and divided into three groups: normal (stenosis 4, summed difference score ≥2), and obstructive CAD (stenosis ≥50%). LVMD was defined by ROC analysis. INOCA group were followed up for the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs: cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke, heart failure, and hospitalization for unstable angina). Nomogram was established using multivariate Cox regression analysis.
Results
Among 334 patients (118 [35.3%] INOCA), LVMD parameters were significantly higher in INOCA group versus normal group but they did not differ between obstructive CAD groups. In INOCA group, 27 (22.9%) MACEs occurred during a 26-month median follow-up. Proportion of LVMD was significantly higher with MACEs under both stress (63.0% vs. 22.0%, P < 0.001) and rest (51.9% vs. 20.9%, P = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significantly higher rate of MACEs (stress log-rank: P = 0.002; rest log-rank: P < 0.001) in LVMD patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that stress LVMD (HR: 3.82; 95% CI: 1.30-11.20; P = 0.015) was an independent predictor of MACEs. The internal bootstrap resampling approach indicates that the C-index of nomogram was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.71-0.89) and the AUC values for 1 and 3 years of risk prediction were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.46-0.89) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.72-0.95), respectively.
Conclusion
LVMD-based nomogram might provide incremental prognostic value and improve the risk stratification in INOCA patients
Pre-Treatment with Melatonin Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy of Cardiac Progenitor Cells for Myocardial Infarction
Background/Aims: Melatonin possesses many biological activities such as antioxidant and anti-aging. Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for myocardial infarction (MI). However, the low survival of transplanted CPCs in infarcted myocardium limits the successful use in treating MI. In the present study, we aimed to investigate if melatonin protects against oxidative stress-induced CPCs damage and enhances its therapeutic efficacy for MI. Methods: TUNEL assay and EdU assay were used to detect the effects of melatonin and miR-98 on H2O2-induced apoptosis and proliferation. MI model was used to evaluate the potential cardioprotective effects of melatonin and miR-98. Results: Melatonin attenuated H2O2-induced the proliferation reduction and apoptosis of c-kit+ CPCs in vitro, and CPCs which pretreated with melatonin significantly improved the functions of post-infarct hearts compared with CPCs alone in vivo. Melatonin was capable to inhibit the increase of miR-98 level by H2O2 in CPCs. The proliferation reduction and apoptosis of CPCs induced by H2O2 was aggravated by miR-98. In vivo, transplantation of CPCs with miR-98 silencing caused the more significant improvement of cardiac functions in MI than CPCs. MiR-98 targets at the signal transducer and activator of the transcription 3 (STAT3), and thus aggravated H2O2-induced the reduction of Bcl-2 protein. Conclusions: Pre-treatment with melatonin protects c-kit+ CPCs against oxidative stress-induced damage via downregulation of miR-98 and thereby increasing STAT3, representing a potentially new strategy to improve CPC-based therapy for MI
The impact of endorsements on customer purchase intention
Endorsements have become an indispensable part of today's social media,
and it is also an effective type of marketing. The purpose of this research
project is to investigate the impact of endorsements on customers' purchase
intention. The results show that when same product was endorsed by three
different types of endorsement (celebrity endorsement, expert endorsement,
consumer endorsement), celebrity endorsements will get more trust from
customers. In addition, when endorsers do not match with endorsed products,
which means someone does not suitable for service as the endorser for the
product, most of customers will stop buying. The research also found that
when favorite celebrity who customers like to endorsed products or services
with a negative reputation, most of the customers will stop buying. Moreover,
suggestions for future research are discussed in this research paper
Serum levels of HMW adiponectin and its receptors are associated with cytokine levels and clinical characteristics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We aimed to investigate the changes in the levels of high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, adiponectin receptors, and cytokines in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as their potential relationships. Forty-one patients who underwent lobectomy for lung lesions and had a clear postoperative pathological diagnosis were divided into the non-COPD (N = 23) and COPD (N = 18) groups. HMW adiponectin, cytokine, and T-cadherin levels in serum and tissues were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of HMW adiponectin and cytokine (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, surfactant protein D, 4-hydroxynonenal, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C reactive protein) in the serum and tissues increased in the COPD group compared to those in the non-COPD group. Patients with COPD exhibited AdipoR1 upregulation and AdipoR2 downregulation. Although T-cadherin did not differ significantly between patients with and those without COPD, its expression was elevated during the progression from COPD with benign lung lesions to combined lung cancer. Furthermore, the HMW adiponectin levels were significantly correlated with the cytokine levels and the clinical characteristics of COPD. HMW adiponectin and its receptors affect the inflammatory process in COPD and may further contribute to the progression of the disease to malignancy
- …