Reconstructing Bone with Natural Bone Graft: A Review of In Vivo Studies in Bone Defect Animal Model

Bone defects caused by fracture, disease or congenital defect remains a medically important problem to be solved. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising approach by providing scaffolds to guide and support the treatment of bone defects. However, the autologous bone graft has many defects such as limited sources and long surgical procedures. Therefore, xenograft bone graft is considered as one of the best substitutions and has been effectively used in clinical practice. Due to better preserved natural bone structure, suitable mechanical properties, low immunogenicity, good osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity in natural bone graft, decellularized and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) scaffolds were selected and discussed in the present review. In vivo animal models provide a complex physiological environment for understanding and evaluating material properties and provide important reference data for clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to outline the in vivo bone regeneration and remodeling capabilities of decellularized and DBM scaffolds in bone defect models to better evaluate the potential of these two types of scaffolds in BTE. Taking into account the limitations of the state-of-the-art technology, the results of the animal bone defect model also provide important information for future design of natural bone composite scaffolds

Galectin-9 Induced Myeloid Suppressor Cells Expand Regulatory T Cells in an IL-10-Dependent Manner in CVB3-Induced Acute Myocarditis

The objective of the study was to explore the effects of galectin-9 on myeloid suppressor cells in Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis and the possible mechanisms involved. For this purpose, BALB/c male mice were infected with CVB3 on day 0 and then received intraperitoneal (IP) administration of recombinant galectin-9 or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) daily from day 3 to day 7. The phenotypes and functions of myeloid suppressor cells were evaluated. The role and mechanism of myeloid suppressor cells and subsets in CVB3-induced myocarditis in vitro were explored. We found that galectin-9 remarkably increased the frequencies of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells in the cardiac tissue and spleen with myocarditis. Ly-6G+ cells were decreased and Ly-6C+ cells were increased in galectin-9-treated mice. In addition, CD11b+Gr-1+ cells were highly effective in suppressing CD4+ T cells. Moreover, our data demonstrate that CD11b+Gr-1+ cells are capable of expanding regulatory T cells (Tregs) from a preexisting population of natural Tregs, which depends on IL-10 but not TGF-β. Our results indicate that galectin-9 therapy may represent a useful approach to ameliorate CVB3-induced myocarditis

Exploring the Influence of Family Education on Children in Red Finger

In recent years, cases of juvenile delinquency have gradually increased, mainly due to indulging in games to kill people; blindly pursuing grades, and committing suicide by jumping off buildings when the rates are unsatisfactory; some divorced families do not care for their children and thus commit crimes, or some parents dote on their children. The child becomes a pervert and embarks on the road of crime. This article selects the novel Red Finger by the Japanese writer Keigo Higashino because the mother’s excessive doting has made the child lawless and embarked on the road of murder. Faced with such a result, the means adopted by the parents turned out to be throwing the corpse, helping the son to cover up the crime, and even forcing the son’s criminal behavior on the mother who has Alzheimer’s disease. The juvenile delinquency family is fundamental, and the parents want to raise a child with a good personality; it is necessary to create a harmonious family atmosphere. The social background of Red Finger is Japan in the 1990s. The economic crisis broke out in Japan. Fathers have to work very hard. However, the lack of communication between fathers and children at work for a long time has affected the children’s family happiness. The role of fathers is even just a figure in the mouth of mothers, and the company of parents to children. The education of children and the way of dealing with problems are subtly affecting children’s life values. This paper uses Satya’s family education theory to study the characters’ personalities and the influence of family education on children’s growth in the novel Red Finger

OsCIPK2 mediated rice root microorganisms and metabolites to improve plant nitrogen uptake

Abstract Crop roots are colonized by large numbers of microorganisms, collectively known as the root-microbiome, which modulate plant growth, development and contribute to elemental nutrient uptake. In conditions of nitrogen limitation, the over-expressed Calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 2 (OsCIPK2) gene with root-specific promoter (RC) has been shown to enhance growth and nitrogen uptake in rice. Analysis of root-associated bacteria through high-throughput sequencing revealed that OsCIPK2 has a significant impact on the diversity of the root microbial community under low nitrogen stress. The quantification of nifH gene expression demonstrated a significant enhancement in nitrogen-fixing capabilities in the roots of RC transgenetic rice. Synthetic microbial communities (SynCom) consisting of six nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains were observed to be enriched in the roots of RC, leading to a substantial improvement in rice growth and nitrogen uptake in nitrogen-deficient soils. Forty and twenty-three metabolites exhibiting differential abundance were identified in the roots and rhizosphere soils of RC transgenic rice compared to wild-type (WT) rice. These findings suggest that OSCIPK2 plays a role in restructuring the microbial community in the roots through the regulation of metabolite synthesis and secretion. Further experiments involving the exogenous addition of citric acid revealed that an optimal concentration of this compound facilitated the growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and substantially augmented their population in the soil, highlighting the importance of citric acid in promoting nitrogen fixation under conditions of low nitrogen availability. These findings suggest that OsCIPK2 plays a role in enhancing nitrogen uptake by rice plants from the soil by influencing the assembly of root microbial communities, thereby offering valuable insights for enhancing nitrogen utilization in rice cultivation

Annealing Effects on GaAs/Ge Solar Cell after 150 keV Proton Irradiation

Radiation-induced defects are responsible for solar cell degradation. The effects of radiation and annealing on the defects of a GaAs/Ge solar cell are modeled and analyzed in this paper. The electrical performance and spectral response of solar cells irradiated with 150 keV proton are examined. Then, thermal annealing was carried out at 120°C. We found that the proportion of defect recovery after annealing decreases with increasing irradiation fluence. The minority carrier lifetime increases with decreasing defect concentration, which means that the electrical performance of the solar cell is improved. We calculated the defect concentration and minority carrier lifetime with numerical simulation and modeled an improved annealing kinetic equation with experimental results

Effect of TIM-3 blockade on liver inflammation and CD4⁺ T cell immune response.

<p>Isotype or TIM-3 mAb (100 µg per mouse) was administrated i.v. to Balb/c mice (n = 8 per group) 30 min before Con A injection (20 mg kg^–1). (A) TIM-3 expression of CD4⁺ T cell in spleen was detected 24 h following Con A injection. (B) The effect of anti-TIM-3 on the binding of galectin-9 to mouse Th1 cells. CD4⁺ T cells were purified from splenocytes of normal mice by negative selection with magnetic beads. Cells (1×10⁶ cells/ml) were cultured for 5 d with phytohemagglutinin (1 mg/ml) and IL-2 (8 ng/ml) in polarizing conditions: IL-12 (2 ng/ml) plus antibody to IL-4 (anti-IL-4; 100 ng/ml; MP4-25D2); Cells (5×10⁵ cells/ml) were collected and incubated for 1 h at 4°C with biotinylated galectin-9 in the presence or absence of increasing anti-TIM-3 (2 ug/ml or 10 ug/ml). Cells were then incubated for 45 min at 4°C with fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated streptavidin, were washed and were analyzed by FACS. Serum ALT (C) and AST (D) levels were measured 24 h after Con A injection. The results were presented as the mean ± SD of three separate experiments. **, p<0.01; *, p<0.05. (E) The livers were removed 24 h later. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Representative liver sections were shown for each group, original magnification: ×200. (F) Percentages and phenotype (surface TIM-3) of CD4⁺ T cells in spleen of mice are shown. Normal, normal mice; Control, PBS treatment in Con A-treated mice; anti-TIM-3, anti-TIM-3 mAb pretreatment in Con A-treated mice.</p

Effect of galectin-9 treatment on cellular infiltration in spleen of Con A treated mice.

<p>Galectin-9 (100 µg per mouse) or PBS was administrated i.v. to Balb/c mice (n = 8 per group) 30 min before Con A injection (20 mg kg^–1). The splenocytes were isolated 24 h later. Percentages and phenotype (surface TIM-3) of CD4⁺ T cells in spleen of mice are shown in (A). (B) The frequencies of Th1, Th17 and Treg subsets were detected by FACS. Statistically significant differences were indicated in (C). The results (A, C) were presented as the mean ± SD of three separate experiments. **, p<0.01; *, p<0.05 vs PBS treatment.</p

T cells and Con A-induced hepatitis.

<p>Isotype, CD4 and/or CD8 mAbs (100 µg per mouse) was administrated i.p. to Balb/c mice (n = 8 per group) 24h before Con A injection (20 mg kg^–1). The effect of anti-CD4 orCD-8 antibodies administration on depleting these cells in the liver of mice prior injecting Con A was determined by FACS. Representative results were shown in (A). Sera were collected 24 h after Con A injection. Serum ALT (B) and AST (C) levels were measured. The results were presented as the mean ± SD of three separate experiments. ***, p<0.001 vs control. (D) The livers were removed 24 h later. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Representative liver sections were shown for each group, original magnification: ×200.</p

Effect of galectin-9 treatment on inflammatory cytokines secretion <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Time course of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 release into serum after Con A injection, with or without galectin-9 (100 µg per mouse) administered i.v. for 30 minutes before Con A injection. Serum cytokine levels were determined using ELISA-assay kits. Data points represent the mean ± SD for 8 animals killed at each point. **, p<0.01; *, p<0.05 vs galectin-9 pretreated mice. (B) Spleen macrophages (1×10⁶ cells/mL) were incubated for 24 hours with 100 ng/mL LPS, with or without galectin-9 treatment (10 µg/ml). Aliquots of supernatant were then collected and stored at −80°C until assayed. IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were measured by using specific ELISA kits. The results were presented as the mean ± SD of three separate experiments. ***, p<0.001; **, p<0.01.</p

Value of Combined Detection of Cytokines and Tumor Markers in the Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Solitary Pulmonary Nodules

Background and objective Solitary pulmonary nodule has received increasing attention in recent years. A couple of lung nodules have been recognized as primary malignant tumors, which leads to an urgent need in enhancing the diagnosis of benign/malignant lung nodules at clinical settings. This study aims to explore the value of the combined detection of cytokines and tumor markers in differencing benign and malignant solitary pulmonary nodules in diagnose. Methods With 81 solitary pulmonary nodules cases with a clear diagnosis, the general clinical data, nodule imaging features, pathological diagnosis data, serological index cytokine series and tumor marker expression levels were collected in groups. Both single factor and multi-factors analysis were conducted to screen out the serum influence indexes that can predict the malignant probability of lung nodules, and mean while binary logistic regression analysis was used to construct joint indexes; After receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn, the area under the curve and the corresponding sensitivity, specificity and positive of each index predicted value, negative predicted value and accuracy could be calculated with a view to determine the statistical significance of area under the curve (AUC). Results There are differences in the distribution of malignant solitary pulmonary nodules at different locations, with the highest proportion of the right upper lobe (40.4%). The serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment 21-1 (CYFRA21-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the malignant nodule group were higher than those in the benign nodule group. Logistic regression analysis suggests that CEA, IL-6 and IL-8 are independent risk factors for predicting malignant nodules. ROC curve analysis shows that the areas under the curve of the individual indicators CEA, IL-6 and IL-8 are 0.642, 0.684 and 0.749. The comparison result of the test efficiency of the area under the curve suggests that CEA+IL-6+IL-8 has a larger area under the curve and higher detection efficiency. Conclusion CEA, IL-6 and IL-8 are independent risk factors for malignant solitary pulmonary nodules. The combined detection of cytokines and tumor markers has played a role in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lung nodules. The diagnostic value of the combined detection of CEA+IL-6+IL-8 is the highest