The role of education in wage determination in China's rural industrial sector

The TVP labour market has undergone a great change during the economic reform period. Starting from a fully controlled recruitment system, more employees obtained employment through a more market oriented mechanism. This study applies human capital theory to investigate the impact of this institutional change on TVP wage determination. It is found that education as one of most important human capital variables plays an important role on the wage determination of those who obtained jobs through own effort (the market group), while it is insignificant for those who were assigned to the jobs (the non-market group). The further analysis suggests that although education plays different role on the market and non-market groups wage determination they are both productivity orientated. And the reason for this might be that the underlying technological processes of the work undertaken by the market group is higher than that for the non-market group. Does education, therefore, plays no role for the non-market group? The paper employs a logit model to prove that education is an important determinant for both the market and the non-market groups' occupational attainment. This suggests the following general picture: for the market group, there is a direct relationship between education, occupation and wage determination; for the non-market group this relationship is somewhat indirect. The rate of return to education is more likely to be reflected by non-wage benefit.Return to education; China; Rural industrial sector

An examination of wage determination in China’s rural industrial sector

Under traditional Chinese socialist ideology, labour is not considered as a commodity, and wages are not viewed as the price of labour. Market oriented economic reform initiated in the late 1970s, however, has brought some changes to this politically sensitive area—pricing and allocation of labour, especially in the rural industrial sector, are now much more sensitive to market pressures. This paper surveys the performance of labour markets in China's rural industrial sector after 10 years of economic reform. It examines whether conventional models of wage determination, modified to reflect the peculiar circumstances of the Chinese rural labour market, can be used to explain variations in wages in this sector of China. It is found that after only a decade of change, the pattern of wage determination in rural China has many parallels with wage determination in Western countries.wage; china

Effects of dark energy on the efficiency of charged AdS black holes as heat engine

In this paper, we study the heat engine where charged AdS black holes surrounded by dark energy is the working substance and the mechanical work is done via $PdV$ term in the first law of black hole thermodynamics in the extended phase space. We first investigate the effects of a kind of dark energy (quintessence field in this paper) on the efficiency of the RN-AdS black holes as heat engine defined as a rectangle closed path in the $P-V$ plane. We get the exact efficiency formula and find that quintessence field can improve the heat engine efficiency which will increase as the field density $\rho_q$ grows. At some fixed parameters, we find that bigger volume difference between the smaller black holes($V_1$) and the bigger black holes($V_2$ ) will lead to a lower efficiency, while the bigger pressure difference $P_1-P_4$ will make the efficiency higher but it is always smaller than 1 and will never be beyond Carnot efficiency which is the maximum value of the efficiency constrained by thermodynamics laws, this is consistent to the heat engine in traditional thermodynamics. After making some special choices for thermodynamical quantities, we find that the increase of electric charge $Q$ and normalization factor $a$ can also promote heat engine efficiency which would infinitely approach the Carnot limit when $Q$ or $a$ goes to infinity.Comment: 28 pages, 16 figures, refernces added, discussion and computation improve

Note on the Radion Effective Potential in the Presence of Branes

In String Theory compactification, branes are often invoked to get the desired form of the radion effective potential. Current popular way of doing this assumes that the introduction of branes will not modify the background geometry in an important way. In this paper, we show by an explicit example that at least in the codimension 2 case, the gravitational backreaction of the brane cannot be neglected in deriving the radion effective potential. Actually, in this case, the presence of branes will have no effect on the dynamics of radion.Comment: 6 pages, no figures. Some discussion clarified, conclusion unchanged. To appear in Phys. Rev.