Study of anisotropies of cosmic rays in data from the Pierre Auger

Orientador: Ernesto KempTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb WataghinResumo: Quase um século após o descobrimento da radiação cósmica, sua origem, composilção, mecanismos de aceleração e propagação pelo universo são ainda desconhecidos para a faixa de energia ultra-alta (E >~ 10 18 eV). O mistério torna-se ainda maior devido à supressão (corte GZK) no uxo dos raios cósmicos com energias E >~ 6 × 10 19 eV, devido à interação destas partículas com a radiação cósmica de fundo, previsto há cerca de 40 anos. Assim, espera-se que os raios cósmicos com energia acima deste limiar sejam provenientes de fontes distantes em até ~ 200 Mpc. Uma vez que nosso universo local é bastante heterogêneo e a rigidez magnética destas partículas é bastante elevada, espera-se que a distribuição das direções de chegada dos raios cósmicos de energia ultra-alta possa ser correlacionada com as direções de suas fontes, refletindo a anisotropia do universo local. Neste sentido, estudos de anisotropias nas direções de chegadas de tais partículas desempenham papel crucial na investigação da radiação cósmica e compreensão do universo. Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo de anisotropias de pequena e larga escalas. No primeiro caso, procuramos UHECR¿s correlacionados com o surto gigante de radiação gama emitido pelo SGR 1806-20 em dezembro de 2004. Outro caso estudado é a análise de direções da esfera celeste com excessos de raios gama com significâncias estatísticas maiores que 4s, não associadas a fontes conhecidas, reportadas pela Colaboração JANZOS. Ainda com relação a anisotropias de pequena escala, são estudadas aplicações de filtros de wavelets para detecção de fontes pontuais. No contexto de anisotropias de larga escala, relacionadas a grandes distribuições de matéria, desenvolvemos um método de identificação de anisotropias independente de catálogos de objetos celestes, chamado MIIE. Testamos sua eficiência através de testes de hipóteses e o aplicamos a conjunto de eventos com energia extrema obtidos de dados do Observatório Pierre AugerAbstract: Almost a century after the discovery of cosmic radiation, their origin, composition, acceleration and propagation mechanisms in the universe is still unknown for the ultra-high energy component ( > ~ 1018 eV). The mystery grows due to the suppression (GZK cutoff) in the ux of cosmic rays with energies E >~ 6 × 10 19 eV, caused by the interaction of these particles and the cosmic microwave background, predicted ~ 40 years ago. Thus, it is expected that cosmic rays with energy above this threshold are produced in sources within ~ 200 Mpc. Since our local universe is very inhomogeneous and the magnetic rigidity of these particles is very high, it is expected that the distribution of the arrival directions of ultra-high energy cosmic rays can be correlated with the directions of their sources, reflecting the anisotropy of our local universe. In this way, anisotropy studies play crucial role in the research of cosmic radiation and understanding of the universe. In this work, small-scale anisotropy, related to the study of point sources, are studied searching for UHECR¿s correlated with the giant are from SGR 1806-20 in December 2004. We have also analized directions with an excess of gamma rays with statistical significance S > 4s, not associated with any known sources, reported by the JANZOS Collaboration. Also, in this thesis wavelets are applied in the detection of point sources. In the context of anisotropy related to large distributions of matter, called large scale anisotropy, we propose a new anisotropy identification method independent of catalogs, so-called MIIE. We test its efficiency through hipothesis tests and apply it to events set obtained from the Pierre Auger dataDoutoradoFísica das Particulas Elementares e CamposDoutor em Ciência

On the winding pattern influence for filament wound cylinders under axial compression, torsion, and internal pressure loads

An intrinsic characteristic of components manufactured by the filament winding process is a winding pattern formation during the processing. This paper aims at unlocking and understanding how the winding pattern influences the mechanical behaviour of filament wound cylinders under different boundary conditions. To realize this, a series of finite element models followed by an original geometric approach to generate the pattern are herein developed. Four different patterns and six different winding angles are modelled. These are also modelled by varying the number of layers towards understanding whether there is a correlation between the pattern and the number of layers or not. Three loading cases are considered: axial compression, pure torsion, and internal pressure. Key results reveal that the more layers are stacked to the cylinder, the less impactful is the winding pattern to all loading cases herein investigated

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Ray Sources can be Gamma-ray Dim

International audienceUltra-high-energy cosmic rays, accelerated hadrons that can exceed energies of $10^{20}$ eV, are the highest-energy particles ever observed. While the sources producing UHECRs are still unknown, the Pierre Auger Observatory has detected a large-scale dipole anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above 8 EeV. In this work, we explore whether resolved gamma-ray sources can reproduce the Auger dipole. We use various Fermi Large Area Telescope catalogs as sources of cosmic rays in CRPropa simulations. We find that in all cases, the simulated dipole has an amplitude significantly larger than that measured by Auger, even when considering large extragalactic magnetic field strengths and optimistic source weighting schemes. Our result implies that the resolved gamma-ray sources are insufficient to account for the population of sources producing the highest-energy cosmic rays, and there must exist a population of UHECR sources that lack gamma-ray emission or are unresolved by the current-generation gamma-ray telescopes