36 research outputs found
O debate em torno da sustentabilidade: desenvolvimento rural sustentável – Revisão de literatura/The debate around sustainability: sustainable rural development
Apesar de ter sido empregado pela primeira vez na década de 1980, quando aparece qualificando a ideia de desenvolvimento e expressando a mais generosa visão do futuro, o termo sustentabilidade não foi criado nessa ocasião. Sua origem está intrinsicamente ligada a demanda por recursos naturais e seu reflexo nos impactos ambientais relatados ao longo da história humana (FEIL et al., 2016). Tendo em vista tais considerações a respeito da sustentabilidade, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento literário sobre a reavaliação da noção do desenvolvimento predominantemente ligado à ideia de crescimento”, ou seja, novo paradigma desenvolvimentista a partir da noção de sustentabilidade. Deve-se buscar cada vez mais alternativas de cultivo sustentáveis, que possam atender o tripé da sustentabilidade, conciliando o crescimento econômico com a proteção do meio ambiente e o bem-estar da sociedade
ESTUDO FITOQUÍMICO E ATIVIDADE ANTICOLINESTERÁSICA DA ESPÉCIE Plantago major L.
Plantago major L. is a plant of medicinal interest belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, popularly known as plantain, its leaves are used to treat boils, earache, hoarseness, antiseptic, antibacterial and so on. This work aimed to study the hexane and ethanolic extracts of P. major leaves, identifying the main chemical constituents through chromatographic tests and their anticholinesterase action. The ethanolic and hexane extracts of the leaves were submitted to phytochemical prospection, chromatographic studies and the enzyme assay of acetylcholinesterase inhibition was performed according to the methodology proposed by Ellman. The results of the phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed a variety of secondary metabolites. The acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition tests of the leaf extracts showed inhibition percentages of 84.20%, 83.04% for the ethanolic extract and 70.86% for the hexane extract, being satisfactory in relation to the reference values found in the literature.Plantago major L. es una planta de interés medicinal perteneciente a la familia Plantaginaceae, conocida popularmente como plátano, sus hojas se utilizan para tratar forúnculos, dolor de oídos, ronquera, antiséptico, antibacteriano y un largo etcétera. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar el hexano y los extractos etanólicos de las hojas de P. major, identificando los principales constituyentes químicos a través de pruebas cromatográficas y su acción anticolinesterasa. Los extractos etanólico y hexano de las hojas fueron sometidos a prospección fitoquímica, estudios cromatográficos y se realizó el ensayo enzimático de inhibición de acetilcolinesterasa según la metodología propuesta por Ellman. Los resultados del análisis fitoquímico de los extractos mostraron una variedad de metabolitos secundarios. Las pruebas de inhibición de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa de los extractos foliares mostraron porcentajes de inhibición del 84,20%, 83,04% para el extracto etanólico y 70,86% para el extracto de hexano, siendo satisfactorios en relación con los valores de referencia encontrados en la literaturaA Plantago major L. é uma planta de interesse medicinal pertencente à família Plantaginaceae, sendo conhecida popularmente como tanchagem. Suas folhas são empregadas para tratamento de furúnculos, dor de ouvido, rouquidão, antissépticas, antibacterianas e etc. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os extratos hexânico e etanólico das folhas da P. major, identificando os principais constituintes químicos através de testes cromatrográficos e sua ação anticolinesterásica. Os extratos etanólicos e hexânicos das folhas foram submetidos a prospecção fitoquímica, estudos cromatográficos e o ensaio enzimático de inibição da acetilcolinesterase realizado conforme a metodologia proposta por Ellman. Os resultados da análise fitoquímica dos extratos mostram uma variedade de metabólitos secundários e os testes de inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase apresentaram porcentagens de inibição de 84,20% e 83,04% para o extrato etanólico nas concentrações de 1mg/mL e 0,5mg/mL, respectivamente e, 70,86% na concentração de 1mg/mL para o extrato hexânico, sendo satisfatórios em relação aos valores de referência encontrados na literatura
Mundos em miniatura: aproximação a alguns aspectos da cartografia portuguesa do Brasil (séculos XVI a XVIII)
This paper discusses the challenges of "miniaturizing" the world in Portuguese cartography at the dawn of the Modern Age. It draws attention to the process of amassing experience and geographic knowledge, and their deployment in the cartographic representations of Brazil throughout the first three centuries of its colonization
ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America
Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ
ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest
Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ
Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas
This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.
Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities.
Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.
The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.
The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.
Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou.
A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica.
Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas.
A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica.
A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.
Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz. 
Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil
The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others