Chinese organized crime and situational context: comparing human smuggling and synthetic drugs trafficking

This article criticizes the 'ethnic' conception of organized crime and puts forward an alternative view that does not put ethnicity first, but rather social networks and situational context. It focuses upon Chinese organized crime, a phenomenon where the preoccupation with ethnicity is paramount, and compares findings from extensive research into two different transnational criminal activities that are carried out by Chinese offenders in the Netherlands. The first topic, human smuggling, is well researched, whereas research into the second topic, trafficking in precursors (the basic ingredients for the production of synthetic drugs), is largely lacking. The article highlights the major theoretical and empirical similarities and differences between these two criminal activities and discusses the relevance of the main findings for theory and research

Witwassen als bedrijfsmatige activiteit:De verborgen netwerken van witwassers

De Financial Action Task Force (FATF) stelt dat witwassers groepsgewijs kunnen opereren in professionele witwasnetwerken. Professioneel verwijst daarbij naar het tegen vergoeding leveren van diensten op het gebied van witwassen, en netwerken naar het onderling uitbesteden of gebruik maken van de benodigde expertise. Of zulke witwasnetwerken ook in Nederland opereren, is uit het FATF-rapport niet op te maken. In dit artikel wordt daarom gekeken in hoeverre professionele witwassers in Nederland netwerken vormen en in welke mate zij bedrijfsmatig te werk gaan. Bedrijfsmatigheid is hierbij vertaald als betrokkenheid bij meerdere zaken, aantal terugkerende contacten en afwezigheid van familiale relaties. Gebruik makend van politieregistraties zijn daartoe de contacten van 236 professionele witwassers geanalyseerd. Op basis van de resultaten van deze analyses kan worden geconcludeerd dat ook in Nederland professionele witwasnetwerken actief zijn. Binnen de groep professionele witwassers zijn verder verschillen in de mate van bedrijfsmatigheid te onderkennen. Een kanttekening is wel dat de geanalyseerde politieregistraties hoofzakelijk drugsdelicten betreffen. Het blijft daarmee onbekend in hoeverre er bij andere typen delicten (zoals bijvoorbeeld fraude) sprake is van vergelijkbare witwasnetwerken

Money laundering as a service: Investigating business-like behavior in money laundering networks in the Netherlands

In order to launder large amounts of money, (drug) criminals can seek help from financial facilitators. According to the FATF, these facilitators are operating increasingly business-like and even participate in professional money laundering networks. This study examines the extent to which financial facilitators in the Netherlands exhibit business-like characteristics and the extent to which they organize themselves in money laundering networks. We further examine the relationship between business-like behavior and individual money launderers’ position in the social network. Using police intelligence data, we were able to analyze the contacts of 198 financial facilitators who were active in the Netherlands in the period 2016–2020, all having worked for drug criminals. Based on social network analysis, this research shows that financial facilitators in the Netherlands can be linked in extensive money laundering networks. Based on the facilitators’ area of expertise, roughly two main types of professional money laundering networks can be discerned. Some subnetworks operate in the real estate sector, while others primarily engage in underground banking. Furthermore, the application of regression models to predict business-like behavior using individual network measures shows that facilitators with more central positions in the network and those who collaborate with financial facilitators from varying expertise groups tend to behave more business-like than other financial facilitators