Modelo factorial de inclusión en estudiantes de pedagogía

Educational inclusion and support to student diversity are at present a challenge at schools, since they require resources that demand cultural changes within them. From this perspective, the training of inclusive teachers is a fundamental task that universities have to undertake since it requires updating the educational programs and raise awareness within the community. This study analyzes the psychometric properties and factor structure of an instrument based on a Likert scale designed for such purpose, measuring the attitudes regarding educational inclusion. The scale was administered to a sample of 363 Chilean university students of teacher training programs, establishing differences according to sex, age, and the semester they were taking at the university. The results revealed that the instrument presented a Cronbach's alpha 0.76 showing acceptable psychometric properties and adequate internal consistency; while the AFC permitted to correlate 5 resulting dimensions. Among the main findings, women were found to have more positive attitudes than men, in the dimensions of inclusive educational practice and inclusion in minorities. Additionally, age was positively associated with inclusive educational practice and the right to inclusion while the semester that they were taking was positively related to inclusive educational practice and inclusion of minorities; and negatively to inclusive teacher training. These findings suggest that while teacher training students possess positive attitudes towards educational inclusion, they improve as they advance in their education, acquiring more experience. However, for such attitudes to ast in time, the social reinforcement of peers and teachers would be required. Jointly, educational teacher training programs should incorporate technical aspects promoting a more inclusive society according to the current educational requirements.La inclusión educativa y la atención a la diversidad estudiantil son actualmente un desafío en los centros educativos puesto que movilizan recursos exigiendo cambios culturales al interior de los mismos. Desde esta perspectiva, la formación de profesores inclusivos es una tarea fundamental en las universidades pues requiere actualizar programas educativos y sensibilizar a la comunidad. El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial de un instrumento diseñado ad hoc en base a una escala Likert y que mide actitudes hacia la inclusión educativa. Se aplicó la escala a una muestra de 363 estudiantes universitarios de pedagogía chilenos, estableciéndose diferencias según el sexo, la edad y el semestre cursado.Los resultados revelan que el instrumento presentó un alfa de Cronbach de 0.76 evidenciándose características psicométricas aceptables y una adecuada consistencia interna al tiempo que el AFC permitió correlacionar 5 dimensiones resultantes. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que las mujeres tienen actitudes más positivas que los varones en las dimensiones de práctica educativa inclusiva e inclusión en minorías.También se observó que la edad se asocia positivamente con la práctica educativa inclusiva y el derecho a la inclusión al tiempo que el semestre cursado se relacionó positivamente con la práctica educativa inclusiva y la inclusión de minorías, y negativamente con la formación docente inclusiva. Estas evidencias sugieren que si bien los estudiantes poseen actitudes positivas hacia la inclusión educativa, éstas mejoran a medida que progresan en sus estudios adquiriendo mayor experiencia. No obstante, para que dichas actitudes perduren en el tiempo se requeriría del refuerzo social de pares y profesorado y, junto con ello, que los programas educativos de formación de profesores incorporasen aspectos técnicos que permitieran lograr una sociedad más inclusiva acorde a los requerimientos educativos actuales

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization