The Migration In Metropolitans and The Use Of Public Areas Of The Different Cultures In Istanbul

Urbanization movements have started to expand to metropolitan urbanism along with the industrial revolution and irrigated agricultural revolution that triggered the migration from rural to urban and the existing investments that turn to metropolitan cities in Turkey. Istanbul has been the most affected city by this. Istanbul isn't only the industrial city of Turkey, at the same time it is a coastal city that provide the movement of the currency market, a city of culture and a city of education. This multi-layered city began to evolve into a multi-identity metropolis with different typological migrations. Having a wide variety of identities were reflected the city's public areas, the tracks of different cultures can be read as displaying significant variations in public places. Traces of people with different cultures and different social fields, has become visible on the streets of the city. This versatility has started to draw its own border. Working with this idea the aim of the study is to determine what kind of changes occurred the multi-identity, cultural structure with migrations in Istanbul on the tracks of the public areas of the metropolitan city and how this effects have changed the perspective of people living in public spaces of the city. The study will be made in The Historical Peninsula of Istanbul. Within the scope of this study the method is based on readings of the selected street and building facades. This selected building facades and streets are analyzed with visual tables

The Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Knowledge Level, Framingham Risk Scores and Related Factors in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it was aimed to obtain data that can help patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to reduce their cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. Therefore; in the study, it was aimed to evaluate the knowledge levels of the CVD risk factors, CVD risk levels of RA patients and the clinical data that may be associated with them. METHODS: 101 patients with RA were included in the study. Demographic characteristics and clinical data of the patients were collected. Pain was evaluated with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), CVD risk scores with the Framingham Risk Scoring (FRS) system, knowledge levels of CVD risk factors with the "Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Knowledge Level" (CARRF-KL) scale, and RA long-term disease exposure with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). RESULTS: The median value of the CARRIF-KL scale score of the participants was 19.0 (Minimum-Maximum: 2-26). There was no relationship between CARRIF-KL scores and researched data. It has been determined that FRS results of the participants are not related to their answers about whether RA creates a risk for CVD, body mass indexes, duration of illness, total cholesterol results and educational status. A relationship was found between the FRS results of the participants and their gender, age, smoking status and hypertension diagnosis status. A positive correlation was found between HAQ scores and pain levels and FRS. A negative correlation was found between HDL cholesterol levels and FRS. A positive correlation was found between systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements and FRS. Finally; It has been determined that KARRIF-BD results and FRS are not related. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was determined that the knowledge levels of the CVD risk factors of RA patients were not sufficient and that the CVD risk levels did not affect the knowledge levels of CVD risk factors. These data show the necessity of applying a CVD information program to RA patients

Food chain inefficiency (FCI) : accounting conversion efficiencies across entire food supply chains to re-define food loss and waste

Achieving global food security requires a new approach that integrates not only all aspects of the growing, harvesting and processing of food (necessary to ensure sufficient affordable and sustainable production to alleviate hunger) but also the complexities associated with food consumption including deterring unhealthy overconsumption. Inefficiencies occur at various points along the agri-food supply chain but at present they are inadequately conceptualized via separate accounts of food loss, food waste, supply chain management, and public health. Here we re-define food loss and waste through the concept of conversion efficiency applied to the entire system, an approach up to now only applied to the primary processes of crop productivity. Nine conversion efficiencies are defined: sunlight capture efficiency; photosynthesis use efficiency; biomass allocation efficiency; harvesting efficiency; storage and distribution efficiency; processing efficiency; retailing efficiency; consumption efficiency; and dietary efficiency. Using the production and consumption of bread in the UK as an example, we demonstrate how efficiencies may be estimated and thus where the main inefficiencies lie, so indicating where the most significant improvements could be made. We suggest that our approach, which introduces the term Food Chain Inefficiency (FCI) to re-define food loss and waste, provides a rational and effective way to devise the practical interventions and policies needed to deliver a sustainable agri-food system

Association of TNFA Promoter Region Haplotype in Behçet's Disease

Although the etiology of Behçet's Disease (BD; MIM 109650) remains to be clearly elucidated, levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) have been reported to be significantly elevated in BD patients, and TNF-α blockers have been demonstrated to exhibit some degree of therapeutic efficacy for a certain subset of BD sufferers. In this study, we have conducted an analysis of the TNFA haplotypes in the promoter response element that affect the binding affinity of specific transcription factors, in order to characterize their association with the clinical features of BD. Six polymorphisms in the promoter region of TNFA were genotyped in 254 BD patients and 344 control subjects, via the PCR-RFLP technique. TNFA -1031*C, -863*A and -308*G alleles were associated with an increased risk of BD (p=0.030, OR=1.4; p=0.008, OR=1.5; p=0.010, OR=1.8, respectively). The sole TNFA haplotype -1031C-863A-857C-376G-308G-238G, was associated with a 1.6 fold increase in the risk of BD, whereas the TNFA haplotype -1031T-863C-857C-376G-308A-238G was associated with a 0.6 decreased risk of BD. The TNFA -1031*C, -863*A, -857*C and -308*G alleles were significantly associated with BD. The findings of this study, collectively, indicate that TNFA haplotypes in the promoter response elements may exert significant influence on susceptibility to BD

Enzyme production from food wastes using a biorefinery concept

According to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), one-third of food produced globally for human consumption (nearly 1.3 billion tonnes) is lost along the food supply chain. In many countries food waste is currently landfilled or incinerated together with other combustible municipal wastes for possible recovery of energy. However, these two options are facing more and more economic and environmental stresses. Due to its organic- and nutrient-rich nature, theoretically food waste can be converted to valuable products (e.g. bio-products such as methane, hydrogen, ethanol, enzymes, organic acids, chemicals and fuels) through various fermentation processes. Such conversion of food waste is potentially more profitable than its conversion to animal feed or transportation fuel. Food waste valorisation has therefore gained interest, with value added bio-products such as methane, hydrogen, ethanol, enzymes, organic acids, chemicals, and fuels. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide information on the food waste situation with emphasis on Asia–Pacific countries and the state of the art food waste processing technologies to produce enzymes