'A place for the unexpected, integrated into the city structure': universities as agents of cosmopolitan urbanism

The role of formal architecture and urbanism in representing and reinforcing hegemonic power structures, ideologies, and identities is well established. It has been extensively critiqued both in relation to European nationalism and colonialism, and to explore how state agencies have deployed urban planning and architecture to re-imagine and represent national and postcolonial identities following the end of empires and the re-calibration of Western political and cultural influence internationally. Universities, as élite institutions tied to state agendas and as major landowners, urban developers and financially well-endowed clients for architecture, have historically been significant actors in these processes. This paper discusses the evolution of new forms of university spatial and architectural development which are framed by discourses around inclusive, diverse, and cosmopolitan urban identities and heritage, transcending nationhood

Longitudinal research and early years policy development in the UK

Interest in early years issues such as early childhood education and care (ECEC) and early intervention has increased in recent decades internationally. Partly this reflects interest in facilitating the social and educational development of children, both for deprived children and the general population, and partly interest in increasing parental, particularly maternal, employment. Concern for such issues has led to substantial policy change in the UK in recent decades. For the general population, prior to 1998 there was no statutory obligation for the state to provide any early childhood services for children under the statutory school age of 5 years. However, there were provisions for ‘at risk’ children, as well as in some nursery education for 3- and 4-year olds, typically in more disadvantaged areas, but availability was haphazard around the country. Research evidence and social and political factors have resulted in radical change to the whole early years services system in the UK. The findings of two longitudinal research studies, the national evaluation of Sure Start and the effective provision of pre-school education projects were important factors in policy change and this paper discusses how the interplay of research and policy occurred. Initially changes were introduced by the Labour government, but more recent policy changes have been introduced by the Conservative government. The need for state involvement in early years services has become accepted by all political parties. There is substantially greater government investment in the early years, so that government-funded ECEC is now part of the infrastructure supporting family life for the whole population. This article discusses how research evidence has contributed to the substantial policy change in the last two decades

Is early center-based child care associated with tantrums and unmanageable behavior over time up to school entry?

Background. Existing research suggests that there is a relationship between greater exposure to center-based child care and child behavioral problems though the mechanism for the impact is unclear. However the measure used to document child care has usually been average hours, which may be particularly unreliable in the early months when fewer children are in center care. In addition individual trajectories for behavior difficulties have not been studied. Objective. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether the extent of exposure to center-based child care before two years predicted the trajectory of children’s difficult behavior (i.e., tantrums and unmanageable behavior) from 30 to 51 months controlling for child and maternal characteristics. Method. Data were drawn from UK-based Families, Children and Child Care (FCCC) study (n=1201). Individual growth models were fitted to test the relation between early center-based child care experiences and subsequent difficult behavior. Results. Children with more exposure to center-based care before two had less difficult behavior at 30 months, but more increase over time. Initial levels were predicted by higher difficult temperament and lower verbal ability. Higher difficult temperament and lower family socio-economic status predicted its change over time. Conclusion. Findings suggest that early exposure to center-based care before two years old is a risk factor for subsequent behavior problems especially when children have a longer period of exposure. A possible explanatory process is that child coping strategies to manage frustration are less well developed in a group context, especially when they lag behind in expressive language

From idea to product: participation of users in the development process of a multimedia platform for parental involvement in kindergarten

Parental involvement in kindergarten has been pointed out as an important factor in cognitive development, child behavior and school adaptation. In kindergarten, parents can get involved in various ways. Web technologies can facilitate two types of parental involvement: communication with the early childhood educator, to learn more about child's learning process in kindergarten, and home-based educational activities, using digital educa-tional content. In this sense, the research team set up a design research, aimed to develop a multimedia platform that promotes communication and resource sharing among educators, parents and children, to facilitate paren-tal involvement in learning. This article presents the development of the platform, from the preliminary studies to the evaluation of the functional prototype, with the participation of parents and educators in all phases of the development process.publishe

Enhancing preschoolers' executive functions through embedding cognitive activities in shared book reading

Given evidence that early executive functioning sets the stage for a broad range of subsequent outcomes, researchers have sought to identify ways to foster these cognitive capacities. An increasingly common approach involves computerized ‘brain training’ programs, yet there are questions about whether these are well suited for fostering the early development of executive functions (EFs). The current series of studies sought to design, develop, and provide evidence for the efficacy of embedding cognitive activities in a commonplace activity – shared reading of a children’s book. The book, Quincey Quokka’s Quest, required children to control their thinking and behaviour to help the story’s main character through a series of obstacles. The first study investigated effects of reading with embedded cognitive activities in individual and group contexts on young children’s executive functions (EFs). The second study compared reading with embedded cognitive activities against a more-active control condition (dialogic reading) that similarly engaged children in the reading process yet lacked clear engagement of EFs. The third study sought to investigate whether the effect of reading the story with embedded EF activities changed across differing doses of the intervention and whether effects persisted 2 months post-intervention. Findings provide converging evidence of intervention effects on working memory and shifting in as little as 3 weeks (compared to more traditional reading) and maintenance of these gains 2 months later. This suggests the efficacy of embedding cognitive activities in the context of everyday activities, thereby extending the range of users and contexts in which this approach can be used

Integrating chromosomal aberrations and gene expression profiles to dissect rectal tumorigenesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Accurate staging of rectal tumors is essential for making the correct treatment choice. In a previous study, we found that loss of 17p, 18q and gain of 8q, 13q and 20q could distinguish adenoma from carcinoma tissue and that gain of 1q was related to lymph node metastasis. In order to find markers for tumor staging, we searched for candidate genes on these specific chromosomes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We performed gene expression microarray analysis on 79 rectal tumors and integrated these data with genomic data from the same sample series. We performed supervised analysis to find candidate genes on affected chromosomes and validated the results with qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Integration of gene expression and chromosomal instability data revealed similarity between these two data types. Supervised analysis identified up-regulation of <it>EFNA1 </it>in cases with 1q gain, and <it>EFNA1 </it>expression was correlated with the expression of a target gene (<it>VEGF</it>). The <it>BOP1 </it>gene, involved in ribosome biogenesis and related to chromosomal instability, was over-expressed in cases with 8q gain. <it>SMAD2 </it>was the most down-regulated gene on 18q, and on 20q, <it>STMN3 </it>and <it>TGIF2 </it>were highly up-regulated. Immunohistochemistry for SMAD4 correlated with <it>SMAD2 </it>gene expression and 18q loss.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>On basis of integrative analysis this study identified one well known CRC gene (<it>SMAD2</it>) and several other genes (<it>EFNA1, BOP1, TGIF2 </it>and <it>STMN3</it>) that possibly could be used for rectal cancer characterization.</p

Early identification of young children at risk for poor academic achievement: preliminary development of a parent-report prediction tool

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Early school success is clearly related to later health. A prediction index that uses parent report to assess children's risk for poor academic achievement could potentially direct targeted service delivery to improve child outcomes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We obtained risk factors through literature review and used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child Files to examine the predictive associations of these factors with academic achievement scores.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty predictors were identified including four strong predictors (maternal education, child gender, family income, and low birth weight). Significantly, 12 predictors explained 17-24% of score variance.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Parent-reported factors provide predictive accuracy for academic achievement.</p

Neuroscience and education: prime time to build the bridge

As neuroscience gains social traction and entices media attention, the notion that education has much to benefit from brain research becomes increasingly popular. However, it has been argued that the fundamental bridge toward education is cognitive psychology, not neuroscience. We discuss four specific cases in which neuroscience synergizes with other disciplines to serve education, ranging from very general physiological aspects of human learning such as nutrition, exercise and sleep, to brain architectures that shape the way we acquire language and reading, and neuroscience tools that increasingly allow the early detection of cognitive deficits, especially in preverbal infants. Neuroscience methods, tools and theoretical frameworks have broadened our understanding of the mind in a way that is highly relevant to educational practice. Although the bridge’s cement is still fresh, we argue why it is prime time to march over it

The quest for quality in early day care and preschool experience continues

In research in the areas of day care for young children and preschool education at the end of the second millennium, common themes can be recognised. Early research was primarily concerned with whether children attending institutions (day care or preschool centre), developed differently from those not attending centres. Later work recognised that day care or preschool experience is not unitary and that the quality of characteristic of exprience matters. Yet further research drew attention to the importance of the interaction between home and out of home experience. These have been referred to as the three waves of research. In the 1980s, the proposition emerged that infant day care may be a risk factor for insecure attachment to the mother. In an ideologically and politically sensitive field, the concern raised by this proposition that day care migh be bad for infants, led to the funding of one of the largest studies of day care the NICHD study. The results of this study so far indicated that quality of care is an important aspect of child care experience. This study is likely to be a watershed in that the sample size and detail of data are far greater than preceding studies. The conclusion that quality of experience for young children matters however, sets the agenda for research in the new millennium. Currently, approaches to this issue generally adopt the strategy of using a measure of child care quality and investigating associations with child development outcomes. An alternative approach derives from school effectiveness research. Children from specific centres are followed longitudinally. Their development progress is then considered in terms of family factors, type amount and quality of centre experience, and the specific centre attended. In this approach the presence of specific centre effects can be detected so that a specific centre can be identified as associated with a quantifiable positive or negative effect on development. The resulting incongruence between traditional measures of quality and measures derived from developmental effects will require a reformulation of the links between child care characteristics, child experience, and developmental outcomes. As measures of quality become more firmly related to developmental outcomes child care research can become more integrated within developmental psychology

Education. Preschool matters.

Evidence grows that starting preschool at age 3 or 4 can produce benefits decades later