Effect of Weed Management Methods on the Growth and Yield of Ginger in Jimma, Ethiopia

A field experiment was carried out at Jimma Agricultural Research Center to determine the best weeding practice for ginger under Jimma condition. The experiment was carried out between 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons.Ginger was subjected to nine weeding regimes using randomized complete block design with three replications The treatments were: hand weeding at 30,60,90,120,150 & 180 days after planting, hand weeding at 45,75,105,135 &165 days after planting, hand weeding at 60,90,120,& 150 days after planting, mulching at planting followed by hand weeding at 45 and 75 days after planting,  mulching at planting followed by hand weeding at 60 and 90 days after planting, hand weeding at 30 and60 days after planting followed by mulching once followed by one hand weeding as    needed, hand weeding at 45 and 75 days after planting followed by mulching once followed by one hand weeding as needed,  weed free and weedy controls. The result showed that the major weeds recorded were: Cynodon spp., Cyprus spp., Digitaria spp./ Commelina spp., Bidens pilosa, and Ageratum conyzoides. The result also reveled that ginger rhizome yield was highly significantly (p<0.1) affected by weeding regimes in both years that as hand weeding frequency increased ginger yield also increased. The result reveled that one early hand weeding applied between 30 and 45 days after planting was critical for high yield of ginger. When the first hand weeding was delayed up to 60 days from planting yield of ginger was reduced tremendously. However, the result showed that by mulching ginger at planting the first hand weeding can be delayed up to 60 days without yield being affected. Mulching ginger at planting followed by two hand weeding at 60 and 90 days gave similar yield compared with the weed free treatment where plots were kept free of any weed growth and the most frequently weeded treatment with six hand weeding frequencies.  Similarly, hand weeding at 30 and 60 days followed by mulching once also gave comparable yield with the weed free treatment. In addition, the result also revealed that mulching at planting enhanced the fast germination and emergence of ginger compared with none mulched ginger.  On the other hand, the result also showed that ginger was poor competitor of weed competition that ginger growth was affected as hand weeding was delayed beyond 30 days after planting. The highest weed biomass was recorded from the control treatment and   when weeding was totally ignored yield reduction as a result of uncontrolled weed growth amounted 100 % under Jimma conditio

Effect of Weed Management Methods on the Growth and yield of Ginger in Metu, Illubabor Ethiopia

A field experiment on ginger weed management was conducted at Metu from2009 and 2011 with the objective of identifying effective weed management for ginger under Metu condition. Different weed management methods were compared in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments were: hand weeding at 30,60,90, days after planting, .hand weeding at 45,75,105,135 &165 days after planting, hand weeding at 60,90,120,& 150 days after planting, mulching at planting followed by hand weeding at 45 and 75 days after planting, . mulching at planting followed by hand weeding at 60 and 90 days after planting, hand weeding at 30 and60 days after planting followed by mulching followed by one hand weeding as needed,  The result showed that the major weeds at both locations were: Cynodon spp., Cyprus spp., Digitaria spp., Gyzotia scabra, Bidens polynchyma, Nicandra physaloides, Commelina spp., Bidens pilosa, and Ageratum conyzoides. hand weeding at 30 and60 days after planting followed by mulching followed by one hand weeding as needed, hand weeding at 45 and 75 followed by mulching followed by one hand weeding as needed and weed free and weedy controls.The result reveled   a highly significant (p < 0.01) difference between treatments The result showed that as weeding frequency increased yield of ginger also increased. One early hand weeding between 30 and 45 days was critical to secure high yield of ginger. Mulching at planting followed by two hand weeding at 60 and 90 days after planting gave higher yield compared with the clean weeding treatment. Similarly hand weeding at 30 and 60 days followed by mulching and followed by one hand weeding also gave similar yield with clean weeding. Mulching at planting enhanced early germination and growth of ginger compared with non mulched ginger. On the other hand, the result also showed that ginger was poorly competed with weeds that when the first hand weeding was delayed from 30 to 45 and 60 days after planting ginger growth was affected resulting in tremendous yield loss. The result also clearly showed that three hand weeding at 30,60 and 90 days after planting was not adequate under Metu condition.  When weeding was totally ignored throughout the growing period yield reduction amounted 95.5 %

Progress in health among regions of Ethiopia, 1990-2019: a subnational country analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

BACKGROUND: Previous Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) studies have reported national health estimates for Ethiopia. Substantial regional variations in socioeconomic status, population, demography, and access to health care within Ethiopia require comparable estimates at the subnational level. The GBD 2019 Ethiopia subnational analysis aimed to measure the progress and disparities in health across nine regions and two chartered cities. METHODS: We gathered 1057 distinct data sources for Ethiopia and all regions and cities that included census, demographic surveillance, household surveys, disease registry, health service use, disease notifications, and other data for this analysis. Using all available data sources, we estimated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), total fertility rate (TFR), life expectancy, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years, and risk-factor-attributable health loss with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for Ethiopia's nine regions and two chartered cities from 1990 to 2019. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, cause of death ensemble model, Bayesian meta-regression tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, and other models were used to generate fertility, mortality, cause of death, and disability rates. The risk factor attribution estimations followed the general framework established for comparative risk assessment. FINDINGS: The SDI steadily improved in all regions and cities from 1990 to 2019, yet the disparity between the highest and lowest SDI increased by 54% during that period. The TFR declined from 6·91 (95% UI 6·59-7·20) in 1990 to 4·43 (4·01-4·92) in 2019, but the magnitude of decline also varied substantially among regions and cities. In 2019, TFR ranged from 6·41 (5·96-6·86) in Somali to 1·50 (1·26-1·80) in Addis Ababa. Life expectancy improved in Ethiopia by 21·93 years (21·79-22·07), from 46·91 years (45·71-48·11) in 1990 to 68·84 years (67·51-70·18) in 2019. Addis Ababa had the highest life expectancy at 70·86 years (68·91-72·65) in 2019; Afar and Benishangul-Gumuz had the lowest at 63·74 years (61·53-66·01) for Afar and 64.28 (61.99-66.63) for Benishangul-Gumuz. The overall increases in life expectancy were driven by declines in under-5 mortality and mortality from common infectious diseases, nutritional deficiency, and war and conflict. In 2019, the age-standardised all-cause death rate was the highest in Afar at 1353·38 per 100 000 population (1195·69-1526·19). The leading causes of premature mortality for all sexes in Ethiopia in 2019 were neonatal disorders, diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, stroke, HIV/AIDS, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, congenital defects, and diabetes. With high SDIs and life expectancy for all sexes, Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, and Harari had low rates of premature mortality from the five leading causes, whereas regions with low SDIs and life expectancy for all sexes (Afar and Somali) had high rates of premature mortality from the leading causes. In 2019, child and maternal malnutrition; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; air pollution; high systolic blood pressure; alcohol use; and high fasting plasma glucose were the leading risk factors for health loss across regions and cities. INTERPRETATION: There were substantial improvements in health over the past three decades across regions and chartered cities in Ethiopia. However, the progress, measured in SDI, life expectancy, TFR, premature mortality, disability, and risk factors, was not uniform. Federal and regional health policy makers should match strategies, resources, and interventions to disease burden and risk factors across regions and cities to achieve national and regional plans, Sustainable Development Goals, and universal health coverage targets. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation