Papel protagónico de la Escuela Normal José Martí en acciones de mitigación y adaptación ante el cambio climático en el municipio de Matagalpa, durante el II semestre del 2011

Este trabajo de investigación aborda el papel protagónico de la Escuela Normal José Martí, en acciones de Mitigación y Adaptación ante el cambio climático en el municipio de Matagalpa durante el II semestre del 2011. El objetivo central es evaluar el papel protagónico que desempeña la escuela Normal José Martí en acciones de mitigación y adaptación ante el cambio climático en el municipio de Matagalpa con estudiantes de 1er año de magisterio, del curso regular, durante el II semestre del año lectivo 2011. Se tomó una población de 92 estudiantes de la cual se trabajó una muestra de 72 estudiantes mediante la aplicación de formula estadística de margen de error del 5% y además la población de 3 docentes del curso regular del segundo semestre del año lectivo 2011, entre las técnicas aplicadas están encuesta a estudiantes, entrevista a docentes, asesores del MARENA y MINED y tres observaciones en el centro escolar. Los resultados del estudio hacen referencia al cumplimiento de los objetivos propuestos en la investigación, destacando las acciones que realiza el centro escolar en pro del medio ambiente, entre ellas: en Mitigación cuentan con divulgación y acceso de la información, en Adaptación implementan huerto escolar, reforestación y protección de áreas verdes, los docentes tienen conocimiento sobre el tema, pero todavía los estudiantes necesitan desarrollar una actitud positiva ante la problemática, ya que éstas no son suficientes para la sensibilización de la problemática del cambio climático. Palabras claves: Mitigación, adaptación, cambio climático, sensibilización, conocimiento,actitude

Computational study of a NACA4415 airfoil using synthetic jet control

textSynthetic jet actuators for flow control applications have been an active topic of experimental research since the 90’s. Numerical simulations have become an important complement of that experimental work, providing detailed information of the dynamics of the controlled flow. This study is part of the AVOCET (Adaptive VOrticity Control Enabled flighT) project and is intended to provide computational support for the design and evaluation of closed-loop flow control with synthetic jet actuators for small scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The main objective is to analyze active flow control of a NACA4415 airfoil with tangential synthetic jets via computational modeling. A hybrid Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes/Large Eddy Simulation (RANS/LES) turbulent model (called Delayed Detached-Eddy Simulation-DDES) was implemented in CDP, a kinetic energy conserving Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. CDP is a parallel unstructured grid incompressible flow solver, developed at the Center for Integrated Turbulence Simulations (CITS) at Stanford University. Two models of synthetic jet actuators have been developed and validated. The first is a detailed model in which the flow in and out of the actuator cavity is modeled. A second less costly model (RSSJ) was also developed in which the Reynolds stress produced by the actuator is modeled, based on information from the detailed model. Several static validation test cases at different angle of attack with modified NACA 4415 and Dragon Eye airfoils were performed. Numerical results show the effects of the actuators on the vortical structure of the flow, as well as on the aerodynamic properties. The main effect of the actuation on the time averaged vorticity field is a bending of the separation shear layer from the actuator toward the airfoil surface, resulting in changes in the aerodynamic properties. Full actuation of the suction side actuator reduces the pitching moment and increases the lift force, while the pressure side actuator increases the pitching moment and reduces the lift force. These observations are in agreement with experimental results. The effectiveness of the actuator is measured by the change in the aerodynamic properties of the airfoil in particular the lift ([Delta]C[subscript t]) and moment ([Delta]C[subscript m]) coefficients. Computational results for the actuator effectiveness show very good agreement with the experimental values (over the range of −2° to 10°). While the actuation modifies the global pressure distribution, the most pronounced effects are near the trailing edge in which a spike in the pressure coefficient (C[subscript p]) is observed. The local reduction of C[subscript p], for both the suction side and pressure side actuators, at x/c = 0.96 (the position of the actuators) is about 0.9 with respect to the unactuated case. This local reduction of the pressure is associated with the trapped vorticity and flow acceleration close to the trailing edge. The RSSJ model is designed to capture the synthetic jet time averaged behavior so that the high actuation frequencies are eliminated. This allows the time step to be increased by a factor of 5. This ad hoc model is also tested in dynamic simulations, in which its capacity to capture the detail model average performance was demonstrated. Finally, the RSSJ model was extended to a different airfoil profile (Dragon Eye) with good results.Mechanical Engineerin

Detection of enteric parasite DNA in household and bed dust samples: potential for infection transmission.

BACKGROUND: Enteric parasites are transmitted in households but few studies have sampled inside households for parasites and none have used sensitive molecular methods. METHODS: We collected bed and living room dust samples from households of children participating in a clinical trial of anthelmintic treatment in rural coastal Ecuador. Dust was examined for presence of DNA specific for 11 enteric parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Toxocara canis and T. cati, Giardia lamblia, Blastocystis hominis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba histolytica) by quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS: Of the 38 households sampled, 37 had positive dust for at least one parasite and up to 8 parasites were detected in single samples. Positivity was greatest for B. hominis (79% of household samples) indicating a high level of environmental fecal contamination. Dust positivity rates for individual pathogens were: S. stercoralis (52%), A. lumbricoides (39%), G. lamblia (39%), Toxocara spp. (42%), hookworm (18%) and T. trichiura (8%). DNA for Cryptosporidium spp. and E. histolytica was not detected. Bed dust was more frequently positive than floor samples for all parasites detected. Positivity for A. lumbricoides DNA in bed (adjusted OR: 10.0, 95% CI: 2.0-50.1) but not floor dust (adjusted OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 0.3-37.9) was significantly associated with active infections in children. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first use of qPCR on environmental samples to detect a wide range of enteric pathogen DNA. Our results indicate widespread contamination of households with parasite DNA and raise the possibility that beds, under conditions of overcrowding in a humid tropical setting, may be a source of transmission

Metodología incluyente para la valoración equilibrada de proyectos productivos regionales

Es común la evaluación de proyectos productivos con un enfoque marcado por la factibilidad técnica-financiera del proyecto. El presente artículo hace una propuesta alternativa que da sustento a una valoración más incluyente y desarrolladora de estados de bienestar para las comunidades, integra una evaluación equilibrada de aspectos socioculturales, ecológicos y económicos para un real desarrollo integral sostenible. La metodología propuesta focaliza sus consideraciones a problemas y necesidades reales de la zona de evaluación y que mediante el potencial de desarrollo de la misma pueda generar una cartera flexible, adaptable y equilibrada de proyectos productivos

Application of ISO 15686 to estimate service life of a dome built with adobe technology in the city of Toluca, Mexico

This paper focuses only on the application of a methodology used to estimate the service life of any constructed asset, in this case as an example about an architectonic project of a dome designed with adobe technology in the city of Toluca, Mexico, based on the method ISO 15686 (ISO, 2000). The service life of the project was estimated via seven factors. The results show that the final value is a quantitative but also a qualitative estimation is presented, therefore, this method is not perfect; however, this methodology could be helpful to the shallow, rapid and rough estimate of the service life of a building or building components that are required to be designed and constructed. This method could be very useful to architects, builders, civil engineers and developers for decision-making in the early stages of architectonic design, particularly in the planning of the building and pre-design phases

Optimizing Ground-based Observations of O2 in Earth Analogs

We present the result of calculations to optimize the search for molecular oxygen (O2) in Earth analogs transiting around nearby, low-mass stars using ground-based, high-resolution, Doppler shift techniques. We investigate a series of parameters, namely spectral resolution, wavelength coverage of the observations, and sky coordinates and systemic velocity of the exoplanetary systems, to find the values that optimize detectability of O2. We find that increasing the spectral resolution of observations to R = 300,000 - 400,000 from the typical R ~ 100,000, more than doubles the average depth of O2 lines in planets with atmospheres similar to Earth's. Resolutions higher than about 500,000 do not produce significant gains in the depths of the O2 lines. We confirm that observations in the O2 A-band are the most efficient except for M9V host stars, for which observations in the O2 NIR-band are more efficient. Combining observations in the O2 A, B, and NIR -bands can reduce the number of transits needed to produce a detection of O2 by about 1/3 in the case of white noise limited observations. However, that advantage disappears in the presence of typical levels of red noise. Therefore, combining observations in more than one band produces no significant gains versus observing only in the A-band, unless red-noise can be significantly reduced. Blending between the exoplanet's O2 lines and telluric O2 lines is a known problem. We find that problem can be alleviated by increasing the resolution of the observations, and by giving preference to targets near the ecliptic.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journa

Caracterización de la taxocenosis de diatomeas epifitas de Thalassia testudinum K.D. Koenig en la costa de Campeche, México

Diatoms are one of the main components of microphytobenthos, the y contribut e an estimate of 20 - 25% of the net global primary production (Werner, 1977) and have a strong influence on the type of microbial community that characterizes specific habitat s (Siqueiros - Beltrones, 2002). T he objective of this study was to describe the str ucture of the associations of epiphytic diatoms on Thalassia tetsudinum and their relationship with the environmental characteristics under which they develop i n three areas of seagrass beds in the coast al state of Campeche, M é xico. The three surveyed l oc alities (Petenes, Costa and Champotón) show ed significant differences in most of the environmental variables measured (salinity, temperature, pH, silicates, nitrates and nitrites) and in the structure of the diatom taxocenos i s. A total of 301 taxa at spec ies and subspecies level of epiphytic diatoms comprised in 70 genera were identified for the coast of Campeche. The genus which had a greater number of species was Mastogloia with 76 taxa, followed by Nitzschia with 25, Navicula 21, Amphora 20, Cocconeis 1 2 and Halamphora with 11. The genus Cocconeis was numerically more important with an abundance of 6 , 670 individuals followed by Ma s togloia with 5 , 665, together these account for 40.72% of abundance. Based on the Biological Value Index the most important s pecies was Cocconeis placentula var. lineata (BVI 183) with an abundance of 3,427 valves. Freshwater species were also identified, as is the case of C. placentula var. lineata , C . placentula var. eugl y pta , Brachysira cf. estonarium and Fragilaria cf. vire scens . The presence and abundance of these taxa was a key element for the differentiation of localities. In this study a relationship between environmental variables and taxocenosis structure was not observed , possibly b ecause of the discrete manner on w hich the sampling of the epiphytic diatom taxocenos i s was done. Thus , it is likely that the relationship between th ese and the physi c ochem i cal variables under which it develops was not evident . E nvironmental requirements for each species make it difficult to recognize what environmental factors have the most influence over benthic diatoms.Las diatomeas son uno de los principales componentes del microfitobentos ya que contribuyen con el 20 - 25% de la producción primaria neta mundial ( Werner, 1977 ) e influyen fuertemente sobre el tipo de comunidad microbiana que caracteriza determinado hábitat (Siqueiros - Beltrones, 2002) . Debido a su importancia el objetivo de este estudio fue describir la estructura de las asociaciones de diatomeas epífitas de Thalassia tetsudinum y su relación con las características ambientales bajo las cuales se desarrollan, esto en tres zonas de pastos marinos de la costa del estado de Campeche, México . Las localidades (Petenes, C osta y Champotón) presentaron diferencias significativas en la mayoría de las variables ambientales (salinidad, temperatura, pH, silicatos, nitratos y nitritos) y en la estructu r a de la taxocenosis. Se identificaron un total de 301 taxa de diatomeas bentó nicas en la costa del estado de Campeche pertenecient es a 70 gé neros. El género que presentó un mayor número de especies fue Ma s togloia con 76 taxa, seg u ido por Nitzschia con 25, Navicula con 21, Amphora con 20, Cocconeis con 12 y Halamphora con 11. El gén ero Cocconeis fue numéricamente m á s imp ortante con una abundancia de 6, 670 individuos, seguido por Matogloia con 5, 665, y juntos representan el 40.72% de la abundancia. Champotón presentó la me nor abundancia (9,748 valvas ) pero la mayor riqueza especifica con 224 especies , también presentó la mayor diversidad (4.22 H’), la mayor equitabilidad (0.79 J’) y la menor dominancia (0.03 λ ). Compar tió 135 especies con Petenes y 140 con Costa. Costa por su parte, se caracterizó por presentar una diversidad de 3.64, una dominancia de 0.05 y una equidad de 0.70. La menor diversidad la mostró Petenes (3.48 H’), al igual que la menor equidad ( 0 .69 ) y la mayor dominancia (0.0.06 ). Basado en el Í ndice de Valor Biol ó gico, la especie m á s importante fue C oc c oneis placentula var. lineata (IVB 183) con una abundancia de 3,427 valvas. Se identificaron especies consideradas dulceacuícolas, como es el caso de C. placentula var. lineata , C. placentu l a var. euglipta , Brachysira cf. estonarium y Fragilaria cf. virescens . La presencia y abundancia de estos taxa fue pieza clave para la diferenciación de las localidades. En este estudio no se observ ó una re lación entre las variables ambientales y la estructura de la taxo c enosis. Debido a que las taxocenosis fueron muestreadas de manera puntual, es probable que la relación entre esta y las variables fiscoqu í micas bajo las que se desarrolla no fue evidente , Lo s requerimientos ambientales particulares de cada especie dificultan reconocer cuáles son los factores ambientales con mayor influencia sobre las diatomeas bentónicas

Hyperlocal weather parameter sensing with mmWave signals

The evolution of mobile communication technologies to achieve higher throughputs has led to the use of higher frequency bands. 5G technologies are working on the mmWave spectrum, which are frequencies between 30 GHz and 300 GHz, and it is expected that 6G would use even higher frequencies. The wavelength of the signals in these bands are like those used in radars, giving the possibility to use the wave for other things be-sides transmitting information. Network sensing is one of the use cases that can be exploited from the mmWave. Signal loss under different weather conditions has been studied and modeled for over 20 years. Based on these models, this thesis develops a deep learning LSTM model that accurately detects precipitation from a mmWave backhaul link

Visualisation de la cohésion et du couplage du code Java

Évaluer en continu la qualité d'un logiciel doit être une activité importante permettant de diagnostiquer et d'éviter des problèmes. Une caractéristique commune dans une bonne conception est la distribution correcte de responsabilités entre les composants. La cohésion et le couplage sont des caractéristiques d'un logiciel servant d'indicateurs de cette distribution. Ces propriétés peuvent être mesurées et ainsi avoir une idée de la qualité du logiciel. Pour mesurer la cohésion et le couplage, différentes métriques ont été proposées. Plusieurs outils ont été développés également pour donner au programmeur la possibilité de mesurer le code. Généralement, ces outils présentent les résultats des métriques avec des chiffres qui ne sont, pas suffisamment intuitifs ou faciles à interpréter par un programmeur. Une façon efficace de présenter les métriques appliquées sur un logiciel est d'utiliser des techniques de visualisation. Celle-ci sert à présenter plusieurs informations en peu d'espace, ainsi un développeur peut examiner des données d'une manière pratique et, flexible. Ce mémoire propose une manière de visualiser la cohésion et le couplage. À cet effet, nous avons développé un outil qui utilise des graphiques pour représenter les relations entre les éléments à l'intérieur d'une classe et les relations entre les classes. L'approche présentée dans ce mémoire a été appliquée à des systèmes logiciels orientés objet, codés en Java et de taille moyenne. Les résultats obtenus démontrent l'utilité de visualiser l'information, plutôt que de la présenter uniquement sur des tableaux