Thermal Performance Analysis of Various Heat Sinks Based on Alumina NePCM for Passive Cooling of Electronic Components: An Experimental Study

In the modern digital world, electronic devices are being widely employed for various applications where thermal performance represents a significant technical challenge due to continued miniaturization, high heat generated in the system, and non-uniform high-temperature causing failure. Phase change materials (PCMs) owing to the immense heat of fusion are primarily considered for thermal management, but their insulating properties hedge their applications in electronics cooling. Nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs) have the ability to improve the thermal conductivity of PCM, decrease system temperature and escalate the operating time of devices. Accordingly, the current study focused on the experimental investigations for the thermal performance of three heat sinks (HS) with different configurations such as a simple heat sink (SHS), a square pin-fins heat sink (S pfHS), and Cu foam integrated heat sink (Cu fmHS) with various alumina nanoparticles mass concentrations (0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 wt%) incorporated in PCM (RT-54HC) and at heat flux (0.98–2.94 kW/m 2). All HSs reduced the base temperature with the insertion of NePCM compared to the empty SHS. The experimental results identified that the thermal performance of Cu fmHS was found to be superior in reducing base temperature and enhancing working time at two different setpoint temperatures (SPTs). The maximum drop in base temperature was 36.95%, and a 288% maximum working time enhancement was observed for Cu fmHS. Therefore, NePCMs are highly recommended for the thermal management of the electronic cooling system

Online Quality Monitoring of 3D Surface Topography

In many real-life applications, three-dimensional (3D) surface topography contains rich information about products and manufacturing processes. Different faults commonly appear on the topography of finished products in local and global patterns during manufacturing. Such faults are likely to cause changes in the variance or autocorrelation of the topographic values. Monitoring such changes is challenging due to the unique properties of the topographic surfaces. In particular, the topographic values are spatially autocorrelated with their neighbors and their locations are randomly changing from one surface to another under normal process behavior. The existing online monitoring approaches for the 3D surface topography lack the detection and diagnoses of changes in the topographic surfaces. In this dissertation, we investigate and develop four different online monitoring approaches to accurately characterize, detect, and diagnose various changes in topographic surfaces. In the first approach, we develop a multi-level spatial randomness approach for online monitoring of global changes the surfaces. We propose a multi-level surface thresholding algorithm for improving the representation of surface characteristics in which an observed surface topography is sliced into different levels in reference to the characteristics of normal surfaces. The spatial statistical dependencies of surface characteristics at each surface level are accurately captured through a proposed spatial randomness (SR) profile. We then develop an effective monitoring statistic based on the functional principal component analysis for identifying anomaly surfaces with global changes based on their SR profiles. In the second approach, we propose a multi-label separation-deviation surface model for effective monitoring of local variance changes in 3D topographic surfaces. The approach improves the representation of local topographic changes through a developed multi-label separation-deviation surface (MSS) model, which labels the important surface characteristics and smoothes out the noisy characteristics. We also propose two effective features for monitoring changes in surface characteristics. The MSS feature is introduced for capturing deviations within the label assignments, and the generalized spatial randomness feature is derived for quantifying deviations between the label assignments. These two features are integrated into a single monitoring statistic to detect local variations in topographic surfaces. In the third approach, we develop a novel approach based on graph theory for accurate monitoring of local autocorrelation changes in 3D topographic surfaces. We enhance the representation of surface characteristics by proposing an in-control multi-region surface segmentation algorithm, which segments the observed surface pixels into clusters according to the information learned from in-control surfaces. The local and spatial topographic characteristics are accurately described through a developed maximum local spatial randomness feature. After representing the surface as a spatially weighted graph, we monitor its connectivity through the developed spatial graph connectivity statistic for accurate detection of local autocorrelation changes in topographic surfaces. In the fourth and final approach, we investigate a generalized spatially weighted autocorrelation approach for fault detection and diagnosis in 3D topographic surfaces. We develop two algorithms to identify and assign spatial weights to the suspicious topographic regions. The normal surface “hard” thresholding algorithm initially enhances the representation of surface characteristics through binarization, followed by the normal surface connected-component labeling algorithm, which utilizes the obtained binary results to identify and assign spatial weights to the regions with suspicious characteristics. We also develop a generalized spatially weighted Moran (GSWM) index, which exploits the assigned weights to effectively monitor and detect changes in the spatial autocorrelation of each identified region. After an anomaly surface is detected based on its GSWM index, we accurately extract different fault information such as fault size, type, location, magnitude, and the number of faults. The proposed approaches are validated for their effectiveness, efficiencies, and performance for online monitoring and diagnosis of various changes in 3D topographic surfaces

An Effective Deep Learning Model for Health Monitoring and Detection of COVID-19 Infected Patients: An End-to-End Solution

The COVID-19 infection is the greatest danger to humankind right now because of the devastation it causes to the lives of its victims. It is important that infected people be tested in a timely manner in order to halt the spread of the disease. Physical approaches are time-consuming, expensive, and tedious. As a result, there is a pressing need for a cost-effective and efficient automated tool. A convolutional neural network is presented in this paper for analysing X-ray pictures of patients' chests. For the analysis of COVID-19 infections, this study investigates the most suitable pretrained deep learning models, which can be integrated with mobile or online apps and support the mobility of diagnostic instruments in the form of a portable tool. Patients can use the smartphone app to find the nearest healthcare testing facility, book an appointment, and get instantaneous results, while healthcare professionals can keep track of the details thanks to the web and mobile applications built for this study. Medical practitioners can apply the COVID-19 detection model for chest frontal X-ray pictures with ease. A user-friendly interface is created to make our end-to-end solution paradigm work. Based on the data, it appears that the model could be useful in the real world