Factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de Tuberculosis multidrogorresistente en Colombia, 2008 A 2011

Objective Determining the risk factors associated with developing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in people aged over 18 years affiliated to 3 Colombian health insurance companies between 2008 and 2011. Methods The study involved a matched case-control design (1 case to 4 controls). Patients were identified from 3 health insurance companies’ tuberculosis program database; this gave 45 cases and 180 controls. Demographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables were evaluated. Results The median age for cases was 43 years (39.5 years for controls); males predominated in cases (73.3 %) while women predominated in controls (51.1 %). A statistically significant association was found between multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and being male (4.47 adjusted OR; 1.01-19.75 95 %CI), having subsidized social security cover (57.6 adjusted OR; 4.6-71.28 95 %CI) and having had prior treatment for tuberculosis (56.2 adjusted OR; 10.03-314.79 95 % CI]. Conclusions Prior treatment for tuberculosis and being male were risk factors for developing multidrug resistance. Further studies are needed with the Colombian health system to clarify the findings with respect to being affiliated to a subsidized health system and the development of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. © 2016, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de Tuberculosis multidrogorresistente en Colombia, 2008 A 2011

Objective Determining the risk factors associated with developing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in people aged over 18 years affiliated to 3 Colombian health insurance companies between 2008 and 2011. Methods The study involved a matched case-control design (1 case to 4 controls). Patients were identified from 3 health insurance companies’ tuberculosis program database; this gave 45 cases and 180 controls. Demographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables were evaluated. Results The median age for cases was 43 years (39.5 years for controls); males predominated in cases (73.3 %) while women predominated in controls (51.1 %). A statistically significant association was found between multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and being male (4.47 adjusted OR; 1.01-19.75 95 %CI), having subsidized social security cover (57.6 adjusted OR; 4.6-71.28 95 %CI) and having had prior treatment for tuberculosis (56.2 adjusted OR; 10.03-314.79 95 % CI]. Conclusions Prior treatment for tuberculosis and being male were risk factors for developing multidrug resistance. Further studies are needed with the Colombian health system to clarify the findings with respect to being affiliated to a subsidized health system and the development of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. © 2016, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care