Ciljano ubijanje dronovima? Stari argumenti, nove tehnologije

The question of how to contend with terrorism in keeping with our preexisting moral and legal commitments now challenges Europe as well as Israel and the United States: how do we apply Just War Theory and International Law to asymmetrical warfare, specifically to our counter terrorism measures? What can the classic moral argument in Just and Unjust Wars teach us about contemporary targeted killings with drones? I begin with a defense of targeted killing, arguing for the advantages of pin pointed attacks over any alternative measure available for combatting terrorism. Assuming the legitimacy of killing combatants in wartime, I argue, there is nothing wrong, and in fact much that is right, with targeting particular terrorists selected by name, as long as their assassinations can be reasonably expected to reduce terrorist hostilities rather than increase it. Subsequently, I offer some further thoughts and comments on the use of remotely piloted aircrafts to carry out targeted killings, and address the various sources for discomfort with this practice identified by Michael Walzer and others.Pitanje kako se boriti s terorizmom u skladu s našim postojećim moralnim i zakonskim obvezama sada izaziva Europu, kao i Izrael i Sjedinjene Američke Države: kako primeniti teoriju pravednog rata i međunarodno pravo na asimetrični rat, posebno na naše protivterorističke mere? Šta nas može klasični moralni argument u pravednim i nepravednim ratovima naučiti o savremenim ciljanim ubistvima dronovima? Počinjem odbranom ciljanog ubijanja, raspravljajući o prednostima napada sa tačno određenim ciljem nad bilo kojom alternativnom merom koja je na raspolaganju za borbu protiv terorizma. Pretpostavljajući legitimnost ubijanja boraca u periodima rata, tvrdim da nema ničega lošeg, i zapravo da ima mnogo toga što je dobro, s ciljanjem određenih terorista odabranih po imenu, sve dok se može razumno očekivati da će se njihovim ubistvom smanjiti teroristička neprijateljstva, a ne povećati. Nakon toga, nudim neka dalja razmišljanja i komentare o korišćenju daljinski upravljanih letelica za izvršavanje ciljanih ubistava i bavim se različitim izvorima nelagode s tom praksom koje su identifikovali Majkl Volzer i drugi

Patching Up Problems: The Predicted Impact Of The Music Modernization Act\u27s Random Judicial Assignment On Public Performance Licensing Rates

As emphasized by the European Commission Vice President for the Digital Single Market, “the way people enjoy culture and entertainment has completely changed- and this is good. But it is important that we don’t leave creators in the cold.” In response to pleas from songwriters, publishers and performing rights organizations (“PROs”) to allow free-market bargaining for public performance licenses of the PROs’ members’ musical compositions, the unanimously passed Orrin G. Hatch-Bob Goodlatte Music Modernization Act (“MMA”) was signed into law on October 11, 2018. Title I of the MMA, the Musical Works Modernization Act (“MWMA”), strives to alleviate several concerns regarding public performance licensing rates, while still upholding the near eighty-five-year-old consent decrees in which ASCAP and BMI operate under. This Note first explores the parties that make up the predominant players to the music industry. Next, this Note will elaborate on the system in place for valuing and distributing licensing royalties to songwriters and other associated copyright owners for the public performance of any owned musical compositions, both prior to and after the MMA was enacted. It will then explain, in detail, the responsibilities of judges in reasonable rate-setting determinations. Finally, it will critique the effect that bargaining in the shadow of rate-setting proceedings has on predictability of outcomes and private negotiations, a controversial topic that became the subject of the MWMA amendment. While predictability is often sought after for purposes of conformity and consistency, this Note concludes that the amendment to random judicial assignment will create more unpredictability in how and what rates will be determined, which is ultimately, a positive outcome. Furthermore, this Note concludes that increasing unpredictability encourages private negotiations amongst parties, negotiations that are more likely to result in an agreement that resembles free market agreements than court determined rates. Unpredictability in the judicial process encourages parties to work together, rather than be adversarial, and helps keep arrangements out of judges’ hands who are not properly equipped to be determining rates. Finally, this Note will propose possible solutions to anticompetitive practices amongst the PROs and judicial assignment if the random judicial assignment amendment fails to reach its intended goal

Impact of Instructional Assessment on Elementary Children's Achievement

This study examined the trajectory of change in scores on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) of low-income, urban, third and fourth graders who had been enrolled in classrooms where the Work Sampling System (WSS), a curriculum-embedded performance assessment, was used for at least three years. The ITBS scores of children exposed to WSS were compared with those of students in a group of non-WSS contrast schools that were matched by race, income, mobility, school size, and number of parents in the home and to a comparison group of all other students in the school district

The Efficacy of Early Intervention

Although data concerning the efficacy of early intervention have been available for more than two decades, questions concerning the effectiveness of these programs continue to be raised. This paper examines four basic assumptions of intervention programs that must be clarified before the global question of efficacy can be meaningfully addressed: the implicit theory of human development, the conceptualization of the specific interventions, how developmental change is measured, and the strategies used for selecting program participants. A final discussion highlights the role played by the child's family in effective intervention programs.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68911/2/10.1177_027112148500500202.pd

Training Family Day Care Providers to Work with Special Needs Children

This paper describes short-term results from a program designed to train family day care providers to work with special needs children. Thirteen providers participated in training sessions and biweekly on-site consultations, and began to mainstream young handicapped children into their family day care homes. Six months after the start of training, the trainees' attitudes towards handicapped children, knowledge about programming for the disabled, and utilization of physical space for enhancing child growth and development were compared to pretraining levels on these measures. Results demonstrated overall significant positive change for the trainees from pre- to posttraining. The paper discusses these findings and their implications.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68581/2/10.1177_027112148700700102.pd

Defining Eligibility for Services Under PL 99-457

The concepts of multivariate risk and mandated family focus are relevant considerations for states formulating eligibility criteria. This article examines categories of eligibility and their relation to these two factors. An alternative viewpoint on eligibility is presented that challenges professionals to rethink both the purposes of screening and evaluation, as well as the relation between primary health care and community-based early intervention programs.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66583/2/10.1177_105381519101500104.pd

Harbor Development Study Interim Report December, 1951

A general objective of the Harbor Development study is the investigation of the wave energy distribution in harbor areas. Treated in a general way, the energy distribution in a harbor can be considered in two parts. The first concerns the amount and distribution of energy entering the harbor through the breakwater opening. Second is the consideration of the redistribution of energy by reflection and absorption at the harbor boundaries. The first part, that of diffraction through breakwater openings, has been presented by this Laboratory in previous progress reports(l). The second part, that of reflection and absorption at harbor boundaries, is the subject of this report. These factors are important in harbor design because the resultant wave pattern in a harbor is determined by both the incident and reflected waves. In any harbor with reflecting boundaries the resultant wave pattern is usually complex and an exact solution by graphical or mathematical treatment would prove very difficult. However, an approximate graphical solution, developed recently by this Laboratory, appears promising. This report presents the results of extensive measurements of wave disturbances in two idealized harbors and compares these results with those of the graphical analysis

Harbor Development Study Progress Report for August-October, 1950

This report summarizes the results of the first phase of the Laboratory's current comprehensive study of harbor design. This phase comprises the study of the transmission of wave energy through, and the distribution of wave energy behind, breakwater openings. The results obtained to date relate the effect of three major variables; width of breakwater opening, direction of wave approach, and breakwater alignment, on the two quantities mentioned above. The results of this study are subject to certain limitations, notably the small number of cases studied, the idealization of harbor and breakwater configuration, and experimental error. However, the results are considered to be far more quantitative than qualitative and to be of definite usefulness and value in harbor layout and design

Interim Report November 1953

Recent experimental work has concentrated on the study of resultant force and pressure distribution on the stepped barrier designated as Case 5 (W. M. Simpson, Serial 1057, 6 Aug 1953 / J. H . Carr). Case 5 barrier has a plane vertical front face extending the two feet from bottom to still-water surface. Above still-water level are five steps, each of 2.4-in. rise and tread. These dimensions, to a 20:1 scale, represent the prescribed prototype depth of 40 feet and the rise and tread of four feet each. The separate model barriers for resultant force and for pressure distribution measurements are each cast of aluminum. Vertical ribs at the rear provide rigidity and serve as convenient mounting surfaces