Chemical weed management programs for cycloxydim-tolerant maize in Iran

In order to introduce new chemical weed management program in maize weed control in Iran, a study was conducted during 2014 and 2015. Experiment were carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. 15 treatments of the common maize herbicides, including nicosulfuron, foramsulforon, eradicane and 2,4-D + MCPA were applied in their recommended doses, moreover the treatments related to cycloxydim with dicamba + tritosulfuron were used with different doses and in different times along with two control treatments (weedy and weed-free). Treatments contained 75-150 g a.i. ha-1 of cycloxydim, showed similar results with the common treatments including nicosulfuron, foramsulforon, eradicane and 2,4-D + MCPA. However, treatments with high doses of cycloxydim, had a significant reduction in weed density and weed biomass. There were no significant differences between the effects of treatments on maize grain yield and biomass. Despite the acceptable weed control of the combined treatment of cycloxydim with dicamba plus tritosulfuron, maize canopy could overcome weed growth. Based on the results and by considering cycloxydim efficacy in controlling perennial grassy weeds in maize plantation, this chemical is a suitable option during different growing stages of weeds and maize. Finally, the application of 200-300 g a.i. ha-1 of cycloxydim combined with dicamba plus tritosulfuron was the best option from an economic and environmental safety points of view

Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) Competition and Control in Rain-Fed Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) is a weed that frequently infests spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in Moscow province, Russia. It is an annual broad leaf weed, which is indigenous throughout most parts of the globe and one of the most competitive weeds of spring cereal crops. In southern Russia it is emerging as an important crop competitor. Field trials focusing on herbicide timing and efficacy on wild mustard control and spring wheat yield in the Moscow region, Kashira and Baribino districts. A PRE glyphosate application to wheat regardless of fall or spring application timing favorably suppressed wild mustard in 2018. Weeds were not controlled in 2019 with the earliest application timings of glyphosate because weeds emerged late. In comparing fall and spring application timings, the formulated combination of (iodosulfuron/mesosulfuron/antidote mefenpyr-diethyl) at both field rates provided 80% weed control for all application timings and locations, and also resulting in the greatest spring wheat grain yield. Overall, herbicide treatments performed greater when they were in the fall than during the spring. Based on POST herbicide application, tribenuron-methyl provided the greatest wild mustard suppression (75%) and also caused the highest reduction in wild mustard biomass (3.3 g), stem number (6), seed number (880) and germination percentage (33%). When wild mustard was approximately 32 weeds/m2 causedtotal wheat yield loss

HERBICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS

This study attempts to a greater integration of ideas into the development of herbicide resistance. This may lead researchers to focus less on simply defining herbicide resistance and more towards comprehensive investigations of the resistance development. Weed expert in collaboration with plant biologists can work in synergy to come up with better approach and innovation aimed to curtain herbicides resistance challenges. Chemical herbicides exert undue pressure on weed fitness and the diversity of weed community's changes over time in response to both herbicides and other strategies imposed on them. Repeatedly and intensively, the regular application of herbicides with similar effect may swiftly result in population shifts to tolerant, difficult to suppress and ultimately result to weed community that is herbicide resistant, particularly in absence of using herbicides with different modes of action. Weed expert and evolutionary biologists have to work in synergy toward an improve and broader knowledge of plant resistant development

ПЕРСПЕКТИВА УСТОЙЧИВЫХ К ГЕРБИЦИДАМ СОРНЯКОВ И ВАРИАНТЫ БОРЬБЫ С НИМИ

In crop lands around the globe, various interventions for weed suppression are used and among them are chemicals which are widely recommended for weed control. This paper will try to bring forth ideas that can be integrated into the development of herbicide resistance. In most instances, researchers devote more time in defining herbicide resistance, this will therefore shift the attention towards comprehensive investigations of the resistance development in weeds. Weed experts in collaboration with plant biologists can work in synergy to develop better approach and sound innovation aimed at addressing herbicides resistance challenges. Chemical herbicides have been known to affect weed fitness, ecosystem and the diversity of their community changes over a period of time in response to both herbicides and other intervention strategies imposed on them. Regular application of the herbicides with same active ingredients and site of action repeatedly and intensively have the potential to swiftly result in population that is more tolerant, and difficult to suppress, this will ultimately result in weed community that is herbicide resistant, particularly in absence of using herbicides with different modes of action. Therefore, there is need for concerted efforts and more work to be done by both weed experts and evolutionary biologists towards an improvement and broader knowledge with regard to resistant development in plants. This collaboration is cardinal in offering innovative and tangible solutions to the herbicide resistance challenges being faced by the world.На сельскохозяйственных угодьях по всему миру используются различные средства борьбы с сорняками, в том числе химические вещества, которые широко рекомендуются для борьбы с сорняками. В этой статье мы попытаемся выдвинуть идеи, которые могут быть интегрированы в развитие устойчивости к гербицидам. В большинстве случаев исследователи уделяют больше времени определению устойчивости к гербицидам, поэтому это позволит переключить внимание на всесторонние исследования развития устойчивости у сорняков. Эксперты по сорнякам в сотрудничестве с биологами растений могут работать в синергии для разработки лучшего подхода и обоснованных инноваций, направленных на решение проблем устойчивости к гербицидам. Известно, чо химические гербициды влияют на приспособленность сорняков, экосистему и разнообразие их сообществ в течение определенного периода времени в ответ как на гербициды, так и на другие стратегии вмешательства, навязанные им. Регулярное применение гербицидов с одинаковыми активными ингредиентами и местом действия многократно и интенсивно может привести

WEED SUPPRESSION ENHANCES WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF CEREAL CROPS

Water-use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important determinant of yield under stress and as a component of crop drought resistance. This paper is reviewing and discussing various concepts that define water use efficiency in agriculture, review the crop water use efficiency and how it can be improved by supplement irrigation and weed management. There are different factors that affect crop water use efficiency, which include crop physiological characteristics, genotype, soil characteristics such as soil water holding capacity, meteorological conditions and agronomic practices. Plant with high water use efficiency have high yield and adaptation in arid and semi-arid environment. A lot of study reported that weed management and supplement irrigation increase WUE of cereal crop significantly. Weeds are the major competitors for resources such as soil water, minerals, light with crops and this competition lead to decrease in crop yield and growth. Based on the different Scientifics findings, it could conclude that weeds need more water than many crops and many weeds are known to be “water wasters”. Under water stress condition weeds can cut crop yields more than 50% through moisture competition. Effective control of weeds leads to more efficient use of water. Then improving water use efficient by managing weed in the field is one of the crucial methods that has been verified and reported by many scientists. Knowledge of weed management and irrigation in arid environments affect plant growth and improve water use efficiency. Such knowledge is also important to increase grain yield for sustainable cereal production which will help in food security in semi-arid zone

WEEDS RESPONSE TO THE VARIOUS DOSES OF NEW GENERATION HERBICIDE 'VERDICT' IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT

Trial was carried out to survey the different rates of new generation post-emergence herbicide 'Verdict' in four levels involving: 0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 kg ha-1 to suppress three weeds species; Chenopodium album, Poaceae sp. and Stelaria media. Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design [CRD] with four treatments in four replications. Weeds growth diminished mostly for verdict 0.5 kg ha-1 and then 0.3 kg ha-1 compared to 0.2 kg ha-1 and control, results of the trial revealed that a satisfactory survival reduction of Chenopodium album, poaceae and also Stelaria media were achieved with labeled-dose of verdict as 0.5 kg ha-1 and also intermediate dose 0.3 kg ha-1. In contrast, the minimum dose 0.2 kg ha-1 had a significantly highest weeds survival about three varieties of mentioned weeds in comparison with other higher doses of herbicide

Postemergence herbicide applications impact Canada Thistle control and spring wheat yields

Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) growing in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) is difficult to control for several reasons. First, it is a perennial weed that has an extensive root system. Second, the cash-crop wheat prevents the use of many chemicals, and third, Canada thistle is becoming resistant to many single action herbicides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of postemergence herbicide applications on Canada thistle control growing in a spring wheat field. Replicated studies conducted in Russia between 2015 and 2017 evaluated the impact of different herbicide mixtures on Canada thistle control. The formulated mixtures of (iodosulfuron/mesosulfuron/antidote mefenpyr-diethyl) mixed with triasulfuron and metsulfuron and triasulfuron + metsulfuron increased wheat yields 48 to 60% and provided the greatest (>85%) Canada thistle suppression in all experiments. Generally, (aminopyralid/florasulam), triasulfuron and (2,4-D/florasulam) provided little control. It can be concluded that in all treatments, the herbicide mixtures did not provide 100% control, and therefore care must be used to prevent the creation of herbicide resistant Canada thistle

Роль нанотехнологий в совершенствовании растениеводства

Today, green nanotechnology has great importance due to the presence of different modes of restrictive action against various pathogens such as fungi and bacterial species. The use of nanomaterials has recently increased in agriculture and plant-tissue culture thanks to their unique different properties such as; magnetic, electrical, mechanical, optical, and chemical properties. Optimum use of iron increases protein content in the wheat grain. They also enhance plant growth by improving disease resistance and increase stability of the plants by anti-bending and deeper rooting of crops. It has been reported by many researchers that Nano-fertilizers significantly influenced the seed germination which demonstrated the effect of Nano fertilizers on seed and seed vigor. Chemical methods have been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Developing Nano-biotechnology is generating interests in research towards eco-friendly, cost effective and biological synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles systems have been combined into plant fungal disease controlpractices. Using nanoparticles as biosensors in plant disease diagnostics is also illustrated.Использование наноматериалов в последнее время возросло в сельском хозяйстве и культуре тканей растений благодаря их уникальным свойствам: магнитным, электрическим, механическим, оптическим и химическим. Приведен обзор исследований, посвященных применению нанотехнологий в растениеводстве, подтверждающих в частности, что наноматериалы усиливают рост растений, повышают сопротивляемость болезням и устойчивость растений, предотвращая изгиб и обеспечивая более глубокое укоренение сельскохозяйственных культур, а оптимальное использование железа, например, увеличивает содержание белка в зерне пшеницы. Многие исследователи сообщают, что наноудобрения значительно повлияли на всхожесть семян, что продемонстрировало влияние наноудобрений на семена и их энергию. Отмечено, что для синтеза наночастиц используются химические методы, а развитие нанобиотехнологии вызывает интерес к исследованиям, направленным на экологически чистый, экономически эффективный биологический синтез наночастиц. Сегодня зеленые нанотехнологии обеспечивают различные способы воздействия на патогенные микроорганизмы: грибы и многие виды бактерий. Показано применение систем наночастиц в практике борьбы с грибковыми заболеваниями растений, использование их в качестве биосенсоров в диагностике заболеваний растений

Diversity of the Biological and Proteinogenic Characteristics of Quinoa Genotypes as a Multi-Purpose Crop

Quinoa is a multi-purpose vegetable, grain, and forage crop, due in part to the high nutritional value of its aerial parts. This work evaluates quinoa genotype characteristics as a starting point for a better understanding of multi-purpose cultivation. Ten cultivars of quinoa were studied on soddy-podzolic soils: Brightest Brilliant, Red Faro, and Cherry Vanilla from the US (USA 1–3); Titicaca (KY1) from Denmark; Regalo (KY2), a cultivar selected by the Baer Seed Research Center for southern Chile; as well as Q1–Q5, UAE cultivars of various ecological and geographical origins. Quinoa plants were divided into three parts (lower, middle, and upper). The Q3 and Q4 cultivars produced the maximum fresh weight (38.7 g and 35.4 g, respectively) and dry matter (5.6 g and 5.3 g, respectively). The leaf mass and stems comprised 25% and 75% of the lower parts, versus 50–60% and 40–50% of the middle parts, respectively. Stems made up about 15% of the upper parts. The KY1 and Q5 cultivars produced the highest results (4.08 and 4.23 g, respectively). Protein concentrations of the quinoa grains were relatively high, with up to 14.0% grain protein in the USA2 cultivars. Leucine and isoleucine were the most abundant amino acids in quinoa grains, ranging from 6.7 to 9.2 g/100 g of protein. In contrast, methionine was the least abundant amino acid with less than 1.5 g/100 g of protein