Legal Aspects of Safety Designed Software Development, Especially under European Law

International audienceThis lecture deals with the question what has to be done to prevent liability risks stated by European law. In particular, it deals with the question whether the compliance with state-of-the-art safety standards (such as IEC 61508) leads to an exemption from liability for producers and/or suppliers of software. After having defined the terms "product liability" and "producer's liability", we shall point out the legal measures which are necessary for the fulfilment of the manufacturer's organizational and due diligence obligations. Thereby, we shall come to the conclusion that the implementation and application of procedures described in applicable safety standards such as IEC 61508, EN etc. are only some of the minimum core conditions to prevent liability risks stated by European law in connection with defects of software caused by the software's design, development, production and/or distribution process

Systemic Membrane Defect in the Proximal Muscular Dystrophies

Abstract We studied lymphocyte capping in 61 patients with Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral and congenital muscular dystrophies. All showed a markedly diminished percentage of capped cells when compared with 86 normal controls, providing support for previous evidence that an alteration in membrane fluidity may be a common pathogenic feature in several genetically distinct forms of proximal muscular dystrophy. Heterozygous carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy showed diminished capping that was indistinguishable from that of afflicted males and was often present even when serum enzyme levels were normal. Studies in 25 families with 16 suspected sporadic cases indicated that no more than four out of 30 afflicted males may represent new mutations. These findings imply that most cases of Duchenne dystrophy might be prevented by a population screening program for carrier females combined with prenatal detection of afflicted males. (N Engl J Med 299:841–846, 1978

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

Acute pain treatment on postoperative and medical non-surgical wards [Akutschmerztherapie auf operativen und konservativen Stationen]

[english] The effectiveness of acute pain treatment in hospitals is examined. An efficient therapy of acute pain is efficient and cost-effective. Although every patient is entitled for the relief of pain, many hospitals do not treat acute pain in an optimal manner.<br>[german] Es wird die Effektivität der Akutschmerztherapie in Krankenhäusern untersucht. Eine effiziente Behandlung akuter Schmerzen ist wirksam und spart Kosten. Obwohl jeder Patient Anspruch auf Linderung seiner Schmerzen hat, behandeln viele Krankenhäuser akute Schmerzen noch nicht optimal

Optimiser le résultat par une stratégie prix européenne

International audienceEn Europe, la monnaie unique introduit une brutale transparence des prix, qui renforce la pression exercée par les importations parallèles et les centrales d’achat. Un corridor de prix peut limiter les effets négatifs des importations parallèles mais ne représente pas toujours la bonne solution : un prix unique ou des écarts de prix importants peuvent constituer des alternatives intéressantes. D’un point de vueorganisationnel, l’euro nécessite une politique de prix centralisée qui gère les particularités nationales et optimise le résultat au niveau du groupe

Immune response modifiers--mode of action.

The innate immune system governs the interconnecting pathways of microbial recognition, inflammation, microbial clearance, and cell death. A family of evolutionarily conserved receptors, known as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), is crucial in early host defense against invading pathogens. Upon TLR stimulation, nuclear factor-kappaB activation and the interferon (IFN)-regulatory factor 3 pathway initiate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and production of type I IFNs (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta), respectively. The innate immunity thereby offers diverse targets for highly selective therapeutics, such as small molecular synthetic compounds that modify innate immune responses. The notion that activation of the innate immune system is a prerequisite for the induction of acquired immunity raised interest in these immune response modifiers as potential therapeutics for viral infections and various tumors. A scenario of dermal events following skin cancer treatment with imiquimod presumably comprises (i) an initial low amount of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages and dermal dendritic cells (DCs), thereby (ii) attracting an increasing number type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) from the blood; (iii) Langerhans cells migrate into draining lymph nodes, leading to an increased presentation of tumor antigen in the draining lymph node, and (iv) consequently an increased generation of tumor-specific T cells and finally (v) an accumulation of tumoricidal effector cells in the treated skin area. The induction of predominately T helper (Th)1-type cytokine profiles by TLR agonists such as imiquimod might have further benefits by shifting the dominant Th2-type response in atopic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis to a more potent Th1 response