Gender Disparity in Economic Returns to Higher Education: Evidence from Private Formal Sector of Bahawalpur (Pakistan)

The focus of the study is to investigate the gender disparity in returns to higher education in formal sector of Bahawalpur Division (Pakistan). A sample of 430 individuals is interviewed using a well structured interview schedule by convenient sampling. We divided it into 215 males and 215 females and apply a decomposition analysis proposed by Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973). Ordinary least square method is applied to examine the gender disparity in wage returns to higher education. Findings reveal that at higher levels of education (i.e. post graduate) in private sector male’s labor market returns are higher than female labour market returns. But at graduation level female’s earning are higher than males. Number of dependents and marital status both have negatively affected the earning of females as compared to males. Females living in rural areas have been found to be more disadvantaged in terms of earnings as compared to males. On the bases of the results we concluded that there exists a gender disparity in wage returns to education in Bahawalpur Division

Gender Disparity in Economic Returns to Higher Education: Evidence from Private Formal Sector of Bahawalpur (Pakistan)

The focus of the study is to investigate the gender disparity in returns to higher education in formal sector of Bahawalpur Division (Pakistan). A sample of 430 individuals is interviewed using a well structured interview schedule by convenient sampling. We divided it into 215 males and 215 females and apply a decomposition analysis proposed by Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973). Ordinary least square method is applied to examine the gender disparity in wage returns to higher education. Findings reveal that at higher levels of education (i.e. post graduate) in private sector male’s labor market returns are higher than female labour market returns. But at graduation level female’s earning are higher than males. Number of dependents and marital status both have negatively affected the earning of females as compared to males. Females living in rural areas have been found to be more disadvantaged in terms of earnings as compared to males. On the bases of the results we concluded that there exists a gender disparity in wage returns to education in Bahawalpur Division

Preparation of Electrochemical Supercapacitor Based on Polypyrrole/Gum Arabic Composites

The current research focused on the super capacitive behavior of organic conducting polymer, i.e., polypyrrole (PPy) and its composites with gum arabic (GA) prepared via inverse emulsion polymerization. The synthesized composites material was analyzed by different analytical techniques, such as UV-visible, FTIR, TGA, XRD, and SEM. The UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy clearly show the successful insertion of GA into PPy matrix. The TGA analysis shows high thermal stability for composites than pure PPy. The XRD and SEM analysis show the crystalline and amorphous structures and overall morphology of the composites is more compact and mesoporous as compared to the pure PPy. The electrochemical properties of modified solid state supercapacitors established on pure polypyrrole (PPy), polypyrrole/gum arabic (PPy/GA) based composites were investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD). The specific capacitance of the PPy modified gold electrode is impressive (~168 F/g). The specific capacitance of PPy/GA 1 electrode has been increased to 368 F/g with a high energy density and power density (~73 Wh/kg), and (~599 W/kg) respectively

Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Supercapacitive Response of Dodecylbenzenesulphonic Acid (DBSA) Doped Polypyrrole/Zirconium Dioxide Composites

An in-situ chemical oxidative method was used to effectively synthesize a promising supercapacitor material based on PPy/ZrO2 composites. The synthesized materials were characterized by different analytical techniques, such as UV/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inclusion of ZrO2 into the PPy matrix was verified by vibrational spectra and structural analyses. The (TGA) results showed that incorporating ZrO2 into the polymeric matrix improved its thermal stability. In addition, the electrochemical properties of the synthesizedmaterials were investigated byusing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD). The PPy/ZrO2 composite demonstrated excellent super capacitive performance, and high specific capacity of 337.83 F/g, with an exceedingly high energy density of 187.68 Wh/kg at a power density of 1000 W/kg. The composite materials maintain good stability after 1000 charge and discharge cycles, with 85% capacitance retention. The PPy/ZrO2 possesses a high capacitance, an attractive micro-morphology, and a simple synthesis method. The findings indicate that the PPy/ZrO2 composite could be a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor applications