Steric Effect Induced Heat Transfer for Electroosmotic Flow of Carreau Fluid through a Wavy Microchannel

We investigate the heat transfer and flow characteristics for an electroosmotic flow of Carreau fluid through a wavy microchannel, considering the finite size of ions i.e., steric effect. The flow of electrolytic liquid is considered steady, two-dimensional and incompressible. The modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation, Laplace equation, continuity equation, momentum equation, and energy equation are solved numerically using a finite element method-based solver. The computed flow and temperature fields are validated by comparison with published results. The flow and temperature fields and average Nusselt number are computed by varying the steric factor, Weissenberg number, dimensionless amplitude and Brinkman number in the following ranges: 0≤ υ ≤0.3, 0.01≤Wi ≤1, 0.1≤ α ≤ 0.5 and 10-5≤ Br ≤10-3, respectively. We found the locations of the local maxima and minima of Nusselt number at the convex and concave surfaces of the channel for a lower Brinkman number (=10-5). In contrast, the corresponding locations are swapped at higher Brinkman number (=10-3). The value of average Nusselt number increases with the increase in Weissenberg number and decreases with the steric factor for the smaller Brinkman number (=10-5). Whereas, it decreases with Wi for non-zero values the of steric factor with higher Brinkman number (=10-3). Moreover, the increase in amplitude enhances the average Nusselt number at higher Brinkman number (=10-3)

Automated CNN based coral reef classification using image augmentation and deep learning

A critical issue faced by the marine scientist is to classify underwater images describing coral benthic cover. Typically, scientists take underwater imagery using high-resolution cameras and further analysis on these corals and marine species is done on land (preferably a laboratory) and by visual inspection. However, the analysis is time consuming, since the first step, which is the classification of corals, is an intensive activity by taxonomic experts. This traditional manual classification method is difficult to automate or quicken which is problematic given the high volume of images. In this work, the fundamental analysis is discussed by using available techniques such as deep learning (DL) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). It is required to find an easier, efficient and faster way to automate the classification of corals. This task is complicated since most of the common coral species look similar to one another. For reasons of structural diversity, it is easier to differentiate other forms of marine life such as fish and stingrays. This paper is based on the difficult but important Scleractinian (Stony) corals only. A technique recommended is investigated further at the structural level such as branching corals. Verification result proves that the training and testing data are almost similar, thus the proposed technique is capable to learn and predict correctly

Instabilities in a compressible hyperelastic cylindrical channel due to internal pressure and external constraints

Pressurised cylindrical channels made of soft materials are ubiquitous in biological systems, soft robotics, and metamaterial designs. In this paper, we study large deformation of a long, thick-walled, and compressible hyperelastic cylindrical channel under internal pressure. The applied pressure can lead to elastic bifurcations along the axial or circumferential direction. Incremental theory is used to derive the partial differential equations that govern the bifurcation behaviour of the cylindrical channel. Two cases of boundary conditions on the outer surface of the cylinder, namely, free and constrained are studied to understand their influence on the buckling behaviour. The derived equations are solved numerically using the compound matrix method to evaluate the critical pressure. The effects of the thickness of the cylinder and the compressibility of the material on the critical pressure are investigated for both the boundary conditions. The results reveal that for an isotropic material, the bifurcation occurs along the axial direction of the cylinder at lower critical pressure compared to the circumferential direction for all cases considered. Finally, we demonstrate the tailorability of bifurcation behaviour of the cylinder by adding reinforcements along the length of cylinder. The anisotropic hyperelastic material behaviour for triggering the bifurcation in the circumferential direction is studied by varying the material parameters.Comment: 27 pages, 14 figure

Staging Orthodontic Aligners for Complex Orthodontic Tooth Movement

The recent trend in orthodontics has shown an increased shift toward aligner therapy. For years, orthodontists have used fixed preadjusted appliances for orthodontic treatment. Even though fixed appliances have been highly efficient in the treatment of orthodontic malocclusions, they are not as esthetic as clear aligners. The purpose of this article is to review the staging of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) with aligner therapy

URL-BERT: Training Webpage Representations via Social Media Engagements

Understanding and representing webpages is crucial to online social networks where users may share and engage with URLs. Common language model (LM) encoders such as BERT can be used to understand and represent the textual content of webpages. However, these representations may not model thematic information of web domains and URLs or accurately capture their appeal to social media users. In this work, we introduce a new pre-training objective that can be used to adapt LMs to understand URLs and webpages. Our proposed framework consists of two steps: (1) scalable graph embeddings to learn shallow representations of URLs based on user engagement on social media and (2) a contrastive objective that aligns LM representations with the aforementioned graph-based representation. We apply our framework to the multilingual version of BERT to obtain the model URL-BERT. We experimentally demonstrate that our continued pre-training approach improves webpage understanding on a variety of tasks and Twitter internal and external benchmarks

Correction of Unilateral Posterior Crossbite with U-MARPE

Unilateral posterior crossbite typically presents as a narrow maxillary arch and a broad mandibular arch on the side of the crossbite. Unwanted overexpansion and iatrogenic crossbite may develop as side effects if conventional rapid maxillary expansion is done in such cases. Thus, unilateral expansion of the maxilla with unilateral posterior crossbite can help us avoid these side effects and improve the transverse relationship between the maxillary and mandibular posterior dentition on the affected side only. In this case report, we describe a mini-implant–supported unilateral expansion of the maxillary arch in a patient with a unilateral posterior crossbite

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel pyrazolopyrimidines incorporating a benzothiazole ring system

In the present study, a series of benzothiazol derivatives 3a-l containing pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine moiety at the second position were synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectral data. The compounds were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity. Compounds 1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (3a), 1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (3d) and 1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-4-substituted phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (3h-j) showed significant inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa whereas compounds 1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (3b), 2-[1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]phenol (3e), 1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (3h), 4-[1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline (3j) and 1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-4-[2-phenylvinyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (3k) were found to be active against C. albicans. Some of these synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vivo acute toxicity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenic actions. The tested compound 4-[1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline (3j) exhibited maximum analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds 1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (3i) and 3j showed a significant gastrointestinal protection compared to the standard drug diclofenac sodium

Early outcomes from a randomized, controlled trial of supervised exercise, angioplasty, and combined therapy in intermittent claudication

BACKGROUND: To compare angioplasty (PTA), supervised exercise (SEP) and PTA + SEP in the treatment of intermittent claudication (IC) due to femoropopliteal disease. METHODS: Over a 6-year period, 178 patients (108 men; median age, 70 years) with femoropopliteal lesions suitable for angioplasty were randomized to PTA, SEP, or PTA + SEP. Patients were assessed prior to and at 1 and 3 months post treatment. ISCVS outcome criteria (ankle pressures, treadmill walking distances) and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires (SF-36 and VascuQoL) were analyzed. RESULTS: All groups were well matched at baseline. Twenty-one patients withdrew. Results are as follows: Intragroup analysis: All groups demonstrated significant clinical and QoL improvements (Friedman test, p 0.05). CONCLUSION: SEP should be the primary treatment for the patients with claudication and PTA should be supplemented by an SEP