Efficacy of Phytochemicals of Cassia Angustifolia in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia – An In-silico Analysis

Objective: To discover the compounds of Cassia having activity against the BCR-ABL fusion protein involved in the pathogenesis of CML and to compare it with previously developed inhibitor, nilotinib using in-silico molecular docking. Methodology: The 3D structure of Human BCR-ABL fusion protein was obtained from PDB (RSCB). The SMILES and Chemical Structures of the ligands were obtained from PubChem. They were prepared in Mol SDF format by the Chem Bio Draw and then converted to PDBQT format using PyRx tool for generating the atomic coordinates for molecular docking.  Molecular docking of Nilotinib, Quercimeritin, and Scutellarein with Human ABL Kinase was performed using Autodock4. The ADMET properties were described using Swiss ADME, a web-based tool. Results: All the three compounds under study bind and make stable complexes with wild-type BCR ABL with the global energies of -12.46, -16.17kCal/mol and -15.41kCal/mol for Nilotinib Scutellarein and Quercimeritin respectively which means that these compounds can act as selective inhibitors of BCR-ABL fusion protein. Quercimeritin, also form Hydrogen bonds with GLU 286 and Asp 381, Conclusion: The binding energies of the phytochemicals of Cassia are higher in comparison with Nilotinib which has a binding energy of -12.46kCal/mol which suggests a better inhibitory potential of these compounds. Quercimeritin also forms Hydrogen bonds with Glutamine 286 and Aspartate 381, hence its potential to be a potent inhibitor of the BCR- ABL fusion protein is more promising Nilotinib. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are suggested to elaborate the anti-neoplastic potential of Quercimeritin in CML

Knowledge and practices among male medical students regarding smoking and its hazards

Background: Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, and according to the latest estimates, by year 2030, 10 million annual tobacco-attributable deaths worldwide, 70% of which will be in low-middle-income countries. The purpose of study was too assess the knowledge and practices regarding cigarette smoking among male medical students in Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan and to assess the awareness of students regarding smoking related health hazards.Methods: A Cross-Sectional Study was conducted From May 2009 - September 2009 in Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan. The male students enrolled in Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore, were selected by non-probability convenient sampling.Results: In present study 47.3% respondents were smokers, 94.1% were knowledgeable about hazards of smoking, 85.9% were aware about passive smoking, and 19.1% started consuming tobacco below 17 years of age. Only 19.1% tried to quit smoking but none of them succeeded. 25% have no family association of smoking. There were 18.2% who’s mostly close friends were smokers only 13.2% smokes more than 15 cigarettes daily. 43.6% said they would smoke cigarette if one of their close friends offer them. 30.5% believe cigarette smoking help to relax and 25% want to quit smoking among them 10% want to quit due to its hazards while 5.9% due to family pressure.Conclusions: Present study concluded that high proportion male medical students smoke cigarette. Most of them were unaware about tobacco consumption hazards, and passive smoking.

Performance improvement in polymer electrolytic membrane fuel cell based on nonlinear control strategies—A comprehensive study

A Polymer Electrolytic Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is an efficient power device for automobiles, but its efficiency and life span depend upon its air delivery system. To ensure improved performance of PEMFC, the air delivery system must ensure proper regulation of Oxygen Excess Ratio (OER). This paper proposes two nonlinear control strategies, namely Integral Sliding Mode Control (ISMC) and Fast Terminal ISMC (FTISMC). Both the controllers are designed to control the OER at a constant level under load disturbances while avoiding oxygen starvation. The derived controllers are implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink. The corresponding simulation results depict that FTISMC has faster tracking performance and lesser fluctuations due to load disturbances in output net power, stack voltage/power, error tracking, OER, and compressor motor voltage. Lesser fluctuations in these parameters ensure increased efficiency and thus extended life of a PEMFC. The results are also compared with super twisting algorithm STA to show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. ISMC and FTISMC yield 7% and 20% improved performance as compared to STA. The proposed research finds potential applications in hydrogen-powered fuel cell electric vehicles

Integrating Latent Load into the Cooling Degree Days Concept for Current and Future Weather Projections

Rising temperatures, increase in population, and dense urban morphology have resulted in increased cooling energy demands. The conventional degree-days method to calculate cooling energy demand considers only the sensible heat load of air and neglects the latent component. This study aims to estimate the cooling degree days based on the heat index (by considering both the sensible and latent loads) for the current and future years (2050 and 2080). Further, the ventilation load index for each of these cities has been established to unlock the impact of ventilation on the building’s total energy consumption for current and future years. The results show that heat index- based degree days have a stronger relationship with the buildings’ cooling energy consumption and, therefore, can predict the cooling energy demand of buildings with 20% higher accuracy than conventional temperature-based degree days. Analysis shows that cooling degree-days and frequency of temperature above the comfort range continue to increase in Pakistan, highlighting increased degree-days in the range from 11.0 to 41.6% by 2050 and from 28.4 to 126.5% by 2080. Prompt actions are essential to enhance the resilience of Pakistan’s national grid to meet these future cooling energy demands

Neural network and URED observer based fast terminal integral sliding mode control for energy efficient polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell used in vehicular technologies

In this research work, a Neural Network (NN) and Uniform Robust Exact Differentiator (URED) observer-based Fast Terminal Integral Sliding Mode Control (FTISMC) has been proposed for Oxygen Excess Ratio (OER) regulation of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) power systems for vehicular applications. The controller uses URED as an observer for supply manifold pressure estimation. NN is used to estimate the stack temperature which is unavailable. The suggested control method increased the PEMFC's effectiveness and durability while demonstrating the finite-time convergence of system trajectories. By controlling the air-delivery system in the presence of uncertain current requirements and measurement noise, the approach ensures maximum power efficiency. The Lyapunov stability theorem has been used to confirm the stability of the presented algorithm. In addition, the suggested method eliminated the chattering phenomenon and improved power efficiency. Given these noteworthy characteristics, the research has the potential to decrease sensor dependence and production costs while also improving the transient and steady-state response in vehicular applications

Entrepreneur as an authentic leader: A study of small and medium sized enterprises in Pakistan

The aim of this paper is to explore the authentic leadership styles of an entrepreneurs and its impact on employee’s commitment and satisfaction. By using the authentic leadership model, this study seeks to give a tentative test of the connection among employees’ awareness of the business creator as an authentic leader and the employees’ attitudes. Findings are that the opinion of employees’ about authentic leadership serves as the intoxicating analyst of employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment

Effects of human capital, natural resource, urbanization, energy consumption on carbon emissions in the top ten emitter countries

The entire world is facing the problem of changing climate and distortion of environmental quality due to the rapid increase in carbon emissions. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the world’s top ten carbon emitter countries, and the time extent was from 1990 to 2019. We employed panel Kao cointegration and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) techniques to explore the effect of human development, natural resources, urbanization, and energy use on carbon emissions. The Kao cointegration test results reveal that endogenous variables in the study have robust cointegration with carbon emissions. The PMG techniques results suggest that natural resources, urbanization, and energy use positively impact carbon emission in the top ten carbon emitters countries. Conversely, human development has a negative impact on carbon emission in the selected sampled nations. Based on the study’s outcomes, the officials and policymakers of the sampled selected countries must set a policy to ensure environmental sustainability despite slowing down the process of economic development. More efforts are required to improve the human development index in the sampled selected economies. The overexploitation of natural resources should be revoked immediately to avoid more environmental damage. Further, green energy and urbanization should be introduced and publicized more effectively among society

Role of ADC values and ratios of MRI scan in differentiating typical from atypical/anaplastic meningiomas

Atypical/anaplastic meningiomas are prone to aggressive behaviour which affects treatment planning and prognostication. Our aim was to assess the role of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) values of MRI brain in differentiating typical from atypical/anaplastic meningioma. We reviewed 84 typical and 37 atypical/anaplastic meningiomas and compared mean ADC values and ADC ratios of their preoperative MRI brain. At 3 Tesla, mean ADC value for typical meningioma was1.03±0.10x10-3 and 0.63±0.05x10-3 for atypical/anaplastic meningioma. At 1.5 Tesla, mean ADC value for typical meningioma was 1.05±0.11x10-3 and atypical/ anaplastic meningioma was 0.70 ± 0.04x10-3. The mean ADC ratios were 1.08 ± 0.17 and 0.85 ± 0.15 for typical and atypical/anaplastic meningomas respectively. Mean ADC ratios and the mean ADC values of typical and atypical/anaplastic meningiomas were significantly different (p\u3c 0.001). ADC values and ADC ratios have important role in differentiating typical from atypical/anaplastic meningioma and it must be part of the routine preoperative MRI reportin