Assessment of total body water in paediatric patients on dialysis

Background Various anthropometric techniques are used to assess total body water in children on dialysis; however, their predictive accuracy and precision has not been validated. Methods We compared total body water measurements obtained by deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution with predictions of total body water from (1) height and weight, (2) skinfold measurements, and (3) bioelectrical impedance analysis, using previously published formulae for healthy children. Measurements were performed in 14 patients on peritoneal and in nine patients on haemodialysis, aged 4-22 years. Results In the total population of dialysed patients, weight was the strongest single predictor of total body water (R2=0.93) followed by the resistance index (RI=height2/impedance; R2=0.85) and height (R2=0.93). A prediction formula based on height and weight predicted total body water with a residual mean square error (RMSE) of 1.97 l (coefficient of variation (CV)=10.0%) and with a systematic overestimation of true total body water by 0.4%. A prediction equation based on skinfold measurements yielded a total body water estimate with an RMSE of 2.15 1 (CV=10.5%) and overpredicted true total body water by an average of 2.2%. Using three published prediction equations incorporating RI, RMSEs of 2.78 1 (CV=14.1%) with a mean under- or overestimation of true total body water by 6.9, 7.1, and 0.8% respectively, were achieved. The prediction of total body water was optimized by linear combinations of RI or the log-transformed sum of four skinfolds (logsum) with weight by the following equations: total body water (1) = 9.97−3.13×logsum +0.59×weight (kg) (1) (R2 = 0.951; RMSE=1.67 1; CV = 8.17%). total body water (1) = 1.99 + 0.144 × RI (Ohm/cm2) + 0.40 × weight (kg) (2) (R2 = 0.949; RMSE = 1.671; CV = 8.53%). The fit of these prediction formulae, which were derived from the total population, did not differ significantly between haemo- and peritoneal dialysis patients or between boys and girls. Conclusions Both skinfold measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis can be used to improve the height- and weight- based prediction of total body water in children on dialysi

Arbeiterwohnungsbau und Wohnerfahrungen in Hoyerswerda zwischen 1955 und 1965

Als Brigitte Reimann, die literarische Chronistin des Aufbaus von Hoyerswerda-Neustadt, 1968 die Stadt nach einem knappen Jahrzehnt wieder verließ, schreibt sie voller Verwunderung: „Merkwürdig, wie man sein Herz an diese öde Landschaft gehängt hat, an diese unmögliche Stadt, an die Leute, an - Gott weiß was. Wenn ich denke, daß nur ein paar Blöcke in einer Sandwüste standen, als wir hierherkamen, und jetzt ist es eine Stadt von fast sechzigtausend Einwohnern, und das Kombinat ist ein riesiger Komplex geworden.“ Nicht nur die sensible Schriftstellerin besaß ein zwiespältiges Verhältnis zu dieser Stadt, sondern dieses Gefühl zwischen Zuwendung und Ablehnung ist heute noch bei der Aufbaugeneration verbreitet; der Stolz auf das Geleistete herrscht vor, wobei die triste Gegenwart zur Verklärung der Vergangenheit beiträgt. Der Chefarchitekt von Hoyerswerda betrachtete sein Werk bereits 1963 mit einer gewissen Trauer: „Er hat sich seine Stadt auch anders vorgestellt. Er sagt, er habe sich vorgestellt, er werde eine wunderschöne Stadt bauen und später, wenn er alt ist, zuweilen aus Dresden rüberkommen, die Straße entlanggehen und in seiner Stadt Kaffee trinken. Die Mittel für die zentralen Bauten sind rigoros gestrichen worden.

Propagation of fire generated smoke in shipboard spaces

The propagation of fire generated smoke into a shipboard space has been computationally modeled using a commercial code generated by Computational Fluid Dynamics Research Corporation (CFDRC). This study was based on space 01- 163-2-L of an Arleigh Burke Class Flight IIA Destroyer. However, with changes, the model can be reconfigured to represent other shipboard spaces. Multiple smoke scenarios are applied to the space. For all scenarios, the inlet used is forward water tight door. Smoke enters the upper half of the door, while air enters through the bottom half. The temperature of the inlet fluids is altered to observe its effect on propagation. In the last scenario, the floor temperature is isothermally held at 1200 K to simulate a fire in the space below. The results of this scenario shows that extreme temperatures of adjacent spaces has minimal effect on propagation. The overall goal of this study is to show how computational methods can be used to model propagation of smoke in shipboard spaceshttp://www.archive.org/details/propagationoffir00mehlU.S. Navy (U.S.N.) author

INVESTIGATIONS OF OPTIMAL LOADING DURING RESISTANCE TRAINING

Resistance training is widely accepted as a superior method for enhancing muscle size, strength, and athletic performance, making appropriate resistance training prescription a priority for strength coaches and personal trainers. The purpose of the first study was to identify the loads that produced the greatest amount of muscle activity in the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), gluteus maximus (GM), semitendinosus (ST), and bicep femoris (BF) muscles in resistance trained females (N = 20). The second study aimed to determine the training load which optimizes peak power (PP) output and peak rate of force development (RFD) in male youth athletes during the hang power clean (N = 16). When examining the muscle activity of the six muscles during the back squat, the most interesting finding was that the GM produced more muscle activity at 80% and 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) than at 1RM (ratios of 1.01 and 1.03, respectively) during the ascending phase of the squat. It was also found that the VM produced its greatest amount of muscle activity at 80% of 1RM in both the descending and ascending phase of the squat (ratios of 1.11 and 1.03, respectively). Strength coaches and trainers can use this information to prescribe specific loads to target muscles during the back squat. The second study examined the load which optimizes PP and peak RFD in youth athletes during the hang power clean. It was found that PP was greatest at 80% of 1RM which was significantly greater than 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% (p < 0.05) of 1RM, but not significantly greater than 70% or 90% of 1RM. Peak RFD was greatest at 70% of 1RM (11663.672 N·Sec-1) which was significantly greater than 30% and 40% (p < 0.05) of 1RM, but not significantly greater than 50%, 60%, 80% or 90% of 1RM. Strength and conditioning practitioners should use this knowledge to prescribe loads to maximize PP and RFD based on the athlete and goal of the training session.Ph.D

Multi-scale Habitat Use of Male Ruffed Grouse in the Black Hills National Forest

Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) are native upland game birds and a management indicator species (MIS) for aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Black Hills National Forest (Black Hills). Our objective was to assess resource selection of male ruffed grouse to identify the most appropriate scale to manage for aspen and ruffed grouse in the Black Hills. During spring 2007 and 2008, we conducted drumming surveys throughout the central and northern Black Hills to locate used and unused sites from which we compared habitat characteristics at increasing spatial scales. Aspen with \u3e70% overstory canopy cover (OCC) was important to the occurrence of ruffed grouse across all spatial scales, but was most influential within 1600 m of drumming sites. Probability of a site being used was maximized when 20% of the 1600-m scale (~804 ha) had aspen with \u3e70% OCC. Ruffed grouse also selected for areas with many small, regular shaped patches of aspen over those with few large patches. At the smallest scale evaluated of 200 m (~12.5 ha), ruffed grouse selected drumming logs in close proximity to high stem densities of aspen with a minimal presence of roads. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) had a negative influence on site selection at the 400-m (~50 ha), 1600-m (~804 ha), and 4800-m (~7200 ha) scales. Management for ruffed grouse in the Black Hills as the MIS for aspen should focus on increasing the extent of aspen with a goal of at least 20% occurrence on the landscape. Management efforts also should incorporate multiple age and size classes of aspen with an emphasis on enhancing early successional habitat to provide valuable cover through increased stem densities

The Effect of Hip Flexor Tightness on Muscle Activity during the Front Squat

The purpose of this study was to compare peak and mean surface electromyography (sEMG) in the rectus femoris (RF), gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST) muscles, and GM:BF muscle co-activation ratio during front squat between resistance trained females with and without hip flexor tightness. Peak and mean sEMG was recorded during three repetitions of 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) front squat of resistance trained females who either had hip flexor tightness (n = 9) or did not have hip flexor tightness (n = 7). Observed mean sEMG of the GM and BF was used to calculate GM:BF muscle co-activation. The result of the independent samples t-test indicated a statistically significant difference in peak RF (p = .013), peak (p = .001) and mean (p = .045) BF, and GM:BF muscle co-activation (p = .042) between those with and without hip flexor tightness during the ascending phase of a 75% 1RM front squat. The results indicate the RF and BF to be more active in resistance trained females with hip flexor tightness than those without hip flexor tightness during the front squat, potentially lowering GM activation relative to the BF. Fitness professionals should consider providing a hip flexor stretching interventions to prevent over activation of the BF when selecting the front squat as a resistance training exercise

Demographics of paediatric renal replacement therapy in Europe: 2007 annual report of the ESPN/ERA-EDTA registry

Item does not contain fulltext1 juli 201

Height Gain in Ullrich-Turner Syndrome after Early and Late Growth Hormone Treatment Start: Results from a Large Retrospective German Study and Potential Basis for an Individualized Treatment Approach

Background: Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS) girls often present with short stature in adolescence to the endocrinologist when the efficacy of growth hormone (GH) to improve growth remains unknown and parameters to estimate individual GH responsiveness have yet to be determined. Objective: Retrospective evaluation of adult height (AH) and predicted adult height at GH start (descriptive model of Ranke, Model PredAH) in early and late GH-treated German UTS patients. Subjects/Methods: 313 patients treated with GH, early [chronological age (CA) at GH start <12 years, n = 259] or late (CA at GH start ≥12 years, n = 54) who reached AH were selected from KIGS (Pfizer International Growth Database). Results: AH (152.5 ± 5.9 vs. 151.1 ± 5.4 cm, p = n.s.) after GH treatment for 7.5 ± 2.12 years (GH start early) and for 5.2 ± 1.2 years (GH start late) were similar (p = n.s.) as Model PredAH (155.7 ± 4.8 vs. 154.7 ± 4.8 cm; p = n.s.) but higher (p < 0.001) than projected adult height (Ranke, ProjAH; 148.2 ± 5.5 vs. 145.2 ± 6.7 cm; p = 0.001). Total height gain over ProjAH was 4.3 ± 4.6 cm (GH start early) and 5.8 ± 4.7 cm (GH start late, p = 0.021), respectively. Conclusions: GH may improve AH in UTS patients even when started late. The individual growth response could be estimated by the descriptive Model PredAH independent of age at treatment start

Low-Dose Antibiotic Prophylaxis Induces Rapid Modifications of the Gut Microbiota in Infants With Vesicoureteral Reflux

Background and Objectives: Maturation of the gut microbiota (GM) in infants is critically affected by environmental factors, with potential long-lasting clinical consequences. Continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is the standard of care for children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), in order to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections. We aimed to assess short-term GM modifications induced by CAP in infants. Methods: We analyzed the GM structure in 87 infants (aged 1-5 months) with high-grade VUR, previously exposed or naïve to CAP. Microbial DNA was extracted from stool samples. GM profiling was achieved by 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing. Fecal levels of short- and branched-chain fatty acids were also assessed. Results: 36/87 patients had been taking daily CAP for a median time of 47 days, while 51/87 had not. In all patients, the GM was predominantly composed by Bifidobacteriaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Subgroup comparative analysis revealed alterations in the GM composition of CAP-exposed infants at phylum, family and genus level. CAP-exposed GM was enriched in members of Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroidetes, especially in the genera Bacteroides and Parabacteroides, and showed a trend toward increased Klebsiella, often associated with antibiotic resistance. In contrast, the GM of non-CAP children was mostly enriched in Bifidobacterium. No differences were found in fatty acid levels. Conclusions: In infants with VUR, even a short exposure to CAP definitely alters the GM composition, with increased relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens and decreased proportions of health-promoting taxa. Early low-dose antibiotic exposure might bear potential long-term clinical risks