The Structure of Language in Vernacular Architecture

The creation of a work in architecture can be compared with grammar considering the structure and constituent elements of the speech language including the phoneme, notion and its disciplinary principles. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic are considered as two fundamental principles of the speech by providing several signification messages to form daily conversation and to create a work or offer a mot message by various innovation. The creation of a work can be found in two different structure including form and pattern language. Form language includes visual elements which organize the form of a work while pattern language constitutes the signification to order visual elements toward designer’s thought. The present study considers the natural structural language and its components and then compares the findings with pattern language according to various structures to form a vernacular architecture for a house including form language and pattern language. Form language considers how to make a work and its components due to differences in environmental conditions and pattern language represents the codes of message subject to values, goals, customs and tradition of society that are altered based on the presence of human beings in space and his thoughtful manipulation in nature

Application of magnetic resonance imaging in liver biomechanics : a systematic review

MRI-based biomechanical studies can provide a deep understanding of the mechanisms governing liver function, its mechanical performance but also liver diseases. In addition, comprehensive modeling of the liver can help improve liver disease treatment. Furthermore, such studies demonstrate the beginning of an engineering-level approach to how the liver disease affects material properties and liver function. Aimed at researchers in the field of MRI-based liver simulation, research articles pertinent to MRI-based liver modeling were identified, reviewed, and summarized systematically. Various MRI applications for liver biomechanics are highlighted, and the limitations of different viscoelastic models used in magnetic resonance elastography are addressed. The clinical application of the simulations and the diseases studied are also discussed. Based on the developed questionnaire, the papers' quality was assessed, and of the 46 reviewed papers, 32 papers were determined to be of high-quality. Due to the lack of the suitable material models for different liver diseases studied by magnetic resonance elastography, researchers may consider the effect of liver diseases on constitutive models. In the future, research groups may incorporate various aspects of machine learning (ML) into constitutive models and MRI data extraction to further refine the study methodology. Moreover, researchers should strive for further reproducibility and rigorous model validation and verification