Where Should We Land?: Flyover Districts as Proper Venue for Crimes Committed in Air on Domestic Flights

This Essay explores the recently resolved circuit split between the Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits regarding the proper venue for crimes committed on an airplane during flight. In 2019, the Ninth Circuit held that the proper venue for trying an assault that happened midflight was the district over which the airplane was flying when the assault occurred. While flyover districts may seem like a surprising and inconvenient choice for venue, flyover districts are the only constitutionally proper venue for point-in-time offenses that occur on airplanes during flight. Furthermore, using current aviation tracking protocols and GPS technology, courts can pinpoint the location of a plane easily and accurately at any point during flight. The main obstacle to prosecuting criminal cases in flyover districts is not technological but human. Flight attendants lack established standards and procedures for documenting and reporting incidents as they occur, especially incidents of sexual assault. This Essay provides recommendations for standardized form recording and reporting procedures to enable courts to accurately and constitutionally prosecute crimes that occur during flight. While flyover districts may be judicially uneconomical, until Congress steps in to provide a statutory basis for prosecuting crimes outside the district in which they occurred, flyover districts remain the proper venue for crimes committed on an airplane during flight

EARLY DIAGNOSIS METHODS FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Objective: This systematic review aimed to comprehensively synthesize existing literature on early detection methods for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children birth to 3 years, that lead to an effective and reliable early diagnosis in children 2 to 3 years of age. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO following PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting on early detection methods for ASD in infants and toddlers within ages 0 to 3 years that lead to early diagnosis of children ages 2 to 3 years were eligible for inclusion. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed, and relevant studies were synthesized to provide insights into the accuracy, validity, and clinical utility of each early ASD diagnosis method. Results: The initial search yielded a total of 648 articles, of which 4 studies met the inclusion criteria. The identified studies encompassed various diagnostic approaches, including behavioral assessments, neuroimaging techniques, genetic markers, and screening instruments. Findings suggest that early detection of ASD is feasible, with promising tools and methodologies available for use within the specified age group. However, the accuracy and reliability of these methods vary, highlighting the need for continued research and refinement of diagnostic tools. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of ASD in children prior to the age of 3 is crucial for initiating timely interventions and improving long-term outcomes. This systematic review underscores that while there is a diversity of early detection methods available, only 4 studies illustrate the effectiveness of early detection methods for diagnostic accuracy before the age of 3. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to enhance the precision and clinical applicability of these approaches. Research examining if early detection methods lead to early diagnosis is lacking, this area of research is needed to facilitate early interventions and understand the developmental trajectory of ASD during early childhood development. Additionally, this study confirms the ongoing health disparities and cultural gap in research connected to early diagnosis of ASD. Future research needs to include a more culturally diverse population and address how to incorporate biomarkers for ASD as a component of early diagnosis accuracy

Raising an Issue in a Relationship: I’ll Tell You What’s Wrong, But Only If I Think It Will Help

When we become dissatisfied with the actions of a close partner, we face a decision: to disclose our concerns to the other person (voice), or to instead remain silent. Past research suggests that degree of dissatisfaction and issue importance are not important predictors of this decision, however, research on communication in relationships points to the potential importance of outcome expectancies. Previous research has primarily focused on expectancies for relationship outcomes, however, and has yet to consider the relative contribution of expectancies for instrumental outcomes. Four studies assessed the hypothesis that instrumental expectancies are most important for how much a person voices, while relational expectancies are most important for the manner of voice. In Studies 1 and 2, participants were asked to think of a relational dissatisfaction that they were considering disclosing to the other person. Participants rated their degree of dissatisfaction, the importance of the issue, and their expected consequences of voice for relational and instrumental outcomes. Participants also rated their intentions to voice, and in Study 2, one week later, reported how much they actually did voice. In Study 3, participants described daily dissatisfactions with a roommate at the end of each day, and rated their degree of dissatisfaction, the importance of the issue, their retrospective expectancies for relational and instrumental outcomes, and how much they voiced. In Study 4, participants followed the same procedure as Studies 1 and 2, but they also rated their intentions and behavior for 2 different styles of voice: positive voice and negative voice. Expectancies for instrumental outcomes emerged as the sole unique predictor of general voice intentions and behavior across all studies. Expectancies for relationship outcomes, however, differentiated between positive and negative voice. Thus, when participants thought voice would solve the problem they were more likely to speak up in general. However, when they thought the other person would respond positively to the discussion they were more likely to voice in a friendly, constructive manner, and less likely to voice in a hostile, destructive manner

Elasticity of spheres with buckled surfaces

The buckling instabilities of core-shell systems, comprising an interior elastic sphere, attached to an exterior shell, have been proposed to underlie myriad biological morphologies. To fully discuss such systems, however, it is important to properly understand the elasticity of the spherical core. Here, by exploiting well-known properties of the solid harmonics, we present a simple, direct method for solving the linear elastic problem of spheres and spherical voids with surface deformations, described by a real spherical harmonic. We calculate the corresponding bulk elastic energies, providing closed-form expressions for any values of the spherical harmonic degree (l), Poisson ratio, and shear modulus. We find that the elastic energies are independent of the spherical harmonic index (m). Using these results, we revisit the buckling instability experienced by a core-shell system comprising an elastic sphere, attached within a membrane of fixed area, that occurs when the area of the membrane sufficiently exceeds the area of the unstrained sphere [C. Fogle, A. C. Rowat, A. J. Levine and J. Rudnick, Phys. Rev. E 88, 052404 (2013)]. We determine the phase diagram of the core-shell sphere's shape, specifying what value of l is realized as a function of the area mismatch and the core-shell elasticity. We also determine the shape phase diagram for a spherical void bounded by a fixed-area membrane.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, submitted to Physical Review

Dispositional Pathways to Trust: The Interactive Effects of Self-Esteem and Agreeableness on Trust and Negative Emotional Disclosure

Expressing our innermost thoughts and feelings is critical to the development of intimacy (Reis & Shaver, 1988), but also risks negative evaluation and rejection. According to risk regulation theory (Murray, Holmes, & Collins, 2006), trust—confidence in a partner’s love and caring—provides people with the sense of security needed to reach out to intimate partners. Past research has identified self-esteem, one’s global feelings of self-worth, as a key dispositional predictor of trust. However, I suspected that there may be more to the story. Specifically, trust may consist of two components: the belief that one is worthy of others’ love and the belief that others are trustworthy people. Although self-esteem governs the first component, I propose that agreeableness—a trait that concerns one’s level of communal orientation to others—governs the latter. I examined this possibility by exploring how both self-esteem and agreeableness may predict a particularly risky and intimate form of self-disclosure: the disclosure of emotional distress. In six studies using correlational, partner-report, and experimental methods, I demonstrate that self-esteem and agreeableness interact in a catalytic manner to predict disclosure: People who are high in both self-esteem and agreeableness are most openly disclosing of their emotional distress. I also found evidence that trust mediates this effect: High self-esteem, highly agreeable people are most self-revealing, it seems because they are especially trusting of their partner’s caring. Self-esteem and agreeableness were particularly important for the disclosure of vulnerable emotions (i.e., sadness; Study 5) and disclosures that were especially risky (Study 6). These findings indicate that self-esteem is not the only trait that governs risky relationship behaviours and illustrate how dispositional variables can work together to explain behaviour in close relationships