Picturing Number in the Central Middle Ages.

Numeracy was as highly valued as literacy in the schools of Latin-speaking Europe around the year 1000, and the skills inculcated by masters, engendering specific modes of seeing and imagining, had demonstrable impact on contemporary visual culture. The trivium—grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic—continued to be taught as the foundation of learning, but the quadrivium, the four disciplines of number—arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music—received new emphasis. Two of the era’s greatest intellects, Gerbert of Aurillac (Pope Sylvester II; c.940–1003) and Abbo of Fleury (c.944–1004), gained renown for their mathematical prowess and charismatic teaching. They educated a generation of Europe's powerful elites—including Emperor Otto III—and a host of anonymous clerics, monks, and priests. In the closed economy of the central middle ages, these men were also the primary patrons, makers, and viewers of objects. Works of the time, like the Pericope Book of Henry II, reveal new qualities when examined through the lens of number. This project is located at the cathedral school of Reims and the monastery school of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire (Fleury)—where Gerbert and Abbo were masters, epicenters of a pan-European network of exchange linking monastic, episcopal, and lay institutions. Numeric knowledge was drawn from late antique and early medieval tracts by such figures as Boethius, Calcidius, Macrobius, Martianus Capella, Cassiodorus, Isidore of Seville, and Bede. Manuscript copies of these works produced and used at Reims and Fleury c.1000 give evidence of active engagement with their content, visual as well as verbal. Diagrammatic images earlier devised to explicate numeric concepts were now adapted and artfully elaborated for classroom use. This is evident in important introductions to the quadrivial disciplines prepared by Abbo (Explanatio in Calculo Victorii), Abbo’s student Byrhtferth of Ramsey (Enchiridion), and Gerbert (Isagoge geometriae). Accompanying images to these tracts are witness to contemporary notions of materiality, sight, and the limits of representation. Students of arithmetic became freshly attuned to placement and order. Computistic study developed an active, agile, and "curious" eye, while the practice of geometry exercised the intellectual eye, sharpening it, according to Gerbert, "for contemplating spiritual things and truths."PHDHistory of ArtUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116774/1/mcnameme_1.pd

Can small molecular inhibitors that stop de novo serine synthesis be used in cancer treatment?

To sustain their malignancy, tumour cells acquire several metabolic adaptations such as increased oxygen, glucose, glutamine, and lipids uptake. Other metabolic processes are also enhanced as part of tumour metabolic reprogramming, for example, increased serine metabolism. Serine is a non-essential amino acid that supports several metabolic processes that are crucial for the growth and survival of proliferating cells, including protein, DNA, and glutathione synthesis. Indeed, increased activity of D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the enzyme rate-limiting de novo serine synthesis, has been extensively reported in several tumours. Therefore, selective inhibition of PHGDH may represent a new therapeutic strategy for over-expressing PHGDH tumours, owing to its downstream inhibition of essential biomass production such as one-carbon units and nucleotides. This perspective article will discuss the current status of research into small molecular inhibitors against PHGDH in colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and Ewing’s sarcoma. We will summarise recent studies on the development of PHGDH-inhibitors, highlighting their clinical potential as new therapeutics. It also wants to shed a light on some of the key limitations of the use of PHGDH-inhibitors in cancer treatment which are worth taking into account

Microneedle technology for potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine delivery.

IntroductionMicroneedle fabrication was conceptualized in the 1970s as devices for painless transdermal drug delivery. The last two decades have seen considerable research and financial investment in this area with SARS-CoV-2 and other vaccines catalyzing their application to in vivo intradermal vaccine delivery. Microneedle arrays have been fabricated in different shapes, geometries, formats, and out of different materials.Areas coveredThe recent pandemic has offered microneedle platforms the opportunity to be employed as a vehicle for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration. Various modes of vaccination delivery and the potential of microneedle array-based vaccines will be presented, with a specific focus placed on recent SARS-CoV-2 research. The advantages of microneedle-based vaccine administration, in addition to the major hurdles to their en masse implementation, will be examined.Expert opinionConsidering the widely acknowledged disadvantages of current vaccine delivery, such as anxiety, pain, and the requirement for professional administration, a large shift in this research sphere is imminent. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has catalyzed the development of alternate vaccination platforms, working to avoid the requirement for mass vaccination centers. As microneedle vaccine patches are transitioning through clinical study phases, research will be required to prepare this technology for a more mass production environment

Microneedle technology for potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine delivery

IntroductionMicroneedle fabrication was conceptualized in the 1970s as devices for painless transdermal drug delivery. The last two decades have seen considerable research and financial investment in this area with SARS-CoV-2 and other vaccines catalyzing their application to in vivo intradermal vaccine delivery. Microneedle arrays have been fabricated in different shapes, geometries, formats, and out of different materials.Areas coveredThe recent pandemic has offered microneedle platforms the opportunity to be employed as a vehicle for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration. Various modes of vaccination delivery and the potential of microneedle array-based vaccines will be presented, with a specific focus placed on recent SARS-CoV-2 research. The advantages of microneedle-based vaccine administration, in addition to the major hurdles to their en masse implementation, will be examined.Expert opinionConsidering the widely acknowledged disadvantages of current vaccine delivery, such as anxiety, pain, and the requirement for professional administration, a large shift in this research sphere is imminent. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has catalyzed the development of alternate vaccination platforms, working to avoid the requirement for mass vaccination centers. As microneedle vaccine patches are transitioning through clinical study phases, research will be required to prepare this technology for a more mass production environment

Australian refined diagnosis related groups: version 7.0: definitions manual volume three

Appendice

Australian refined diagnosis related groups: version 7.0: definitions manual volume one

DRGs A01Z-182

Australian refined diagnosis related groups: version 7.0: definitions manual volume three

Appendice

Australian refined diagnosis related groups: version 7.0: definitions manual volume two

DRGs J01A-Z66