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Effect of preceding short-duration summer forage crops and gypsum-enriched urea on productivity of aromatic riceA field experiment was conducted during summer-kharif (April-November) seasons of 2006 and 2007 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the effect of preceding short-duration summer forage crops and gypsum-enriched urea on productivity of aromatic rice. The experimental soil was sandy clay loam having pH of 7.5, organic carbon content 0.53%, total N 0.05%, available P 14.5 kg/ha, available K 247.0 kg/ha and available S 9.94 mg/kg soil. The experiment was carried out with 4 treatments during summer seasons in main plot viz. maize, cowpea, maize + cowpea and fallow and their residual effect along with 5 gypsum-enriched urea (GEU) levels in sub-plots viz. absolute control, 0, 5, 10 and 15% in split plot design with 3 replication in succeeding aromatic rice. Different treatments of preceding short-duration summer forage crops and GEU levels i.e. absolute control, 0, 5, 10 and 15% had significant effect on growth parameters viz. plant height, number of tillers/hill at 30, 60, and 90 DAT. Most of the yield attributes of aromatic rice viz. panicle length, panicle weight (g), filled grains/panicle and grain weight/panicle were influenced significantly due to preceding short-duration forage crops and various levels of GEU. Significantly higher grain, straw and biological yield as well as harvest index of aromatic rice was recorded when it was grown after the harvest of proceeding short-duration summer forage cowpea crop and 15% GEU. Various preceding short-duration summer forage crops had significant effect on nutrients concentrations viz. N, P, K, S, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe in aromatic rice grain and straw.Not Availabl

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Comparative performance of seed types on yield potential of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under saline irrigationRecently,theproductivity ofpeanutinsalinityprone areashas sharplydeclined. Due to the ever increasing oilseed demand, this needs to be addressed as a priority. Hence, we investigated whether the re-use of peanut seed harvested from saline areas could be a probable reason for this abrupt decline in peanut productivity. Two different types of peanut seed (seed harvested from crops grown under salinity and under normal soil conditions) of two cultivars (TG 37A and GG 2) were grown under 0.5, 2, 4 and 6 dS m−1 levels of salinity established for one and half decades. The germination percentage, shoot and root length, number of branches, root and pod weight per plant and finally the pod and haulm yield were significantly reduced withincrease insalinity levels for bothcultivars andseedtypes.Relatively shootlength was found to be more prone to the increased salinity levels as compared to root length. This reduction was more pronounced in salinity grown seed as compared to seed grown in normal soil conditions for both the cultivar. However, GG 2 performed better over TG 37A in respect to growth and other yield attributes. Further the use of normal seed increased the pod yield of peanut up to 86% under different water salinity levels as compared to re-use of salinity grown seed (harvested from saline soil condition) This is the cumulative effect of water salinity as well as the re-use of seed harvested under saline conditions. Hence, it was proved that the use of peanut crop harvested from saline conditions should be avoided for seed purposes to ensure better peanut production especially under saline conditions.Not Availabl

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Costs and Returns in Groundnut Cultivation: A Spatio-temporal AnalysisGroundnut acreage in the country is shrinking significantly year by year. To find out the possible reason for such narrowing acreage profitability in groundnut cultivation was estimated from 1996 to 2015. All major groundnut growing states namely, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu were analyzed as they jointly contribute around eighty-five per cent of groundnut area and production to the country. Based on the CACP cost of cultivation information costs and returns analysis was carried out. Results pointed out that farmers incurred losses over cost C2 in twelve and more years out nineteen studied years except in Gujarat. Farmers in Gujarat earned maximum times profits over cost C2 in seventeen years and incurred losses to a maximum of fifteen years in Karnataka. Cost of production was found more than Minimum Support Prices from nine to seventeen years. Maximum share to total cost was contributed by human labour, calls to increase mechanization in groundnut cultivation. Cost of production was found to decrease significantly with an increase in productivity in all the states indicated that profitability in groundnut can be increased with yield enhancement. The results implied that there is a need for policy intervention in term of higher MSP to attract more area towards this crop.Not Availabl

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Profitability in Groundnut Cultivation in India: A State-wise AnalysisProfitability in groundnut cultivation has been analyzed for five major groundnut-growing states, viz. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu for the past fifteen years (1996-97 to 2010-11) using secondary data. On considering cost C2, loss was observed in ten or more years in all the states, except Gujarat. Considering cost A2 with family labour cost, it was found that farmers earned profit in all the fifteen years in Gujarat, while incurred loss in Tamil Nadu (in 2001-02), Andhra Pradesh (in 1999-00 and 2001-02), Karnataka (in 1999-00, 2001-02 and 2008-09) and Maharashtra (in 2002-03, 2004-05 and 2008-09). Implicit prices were found higher than the minimum support price (MSP) in eleven or more years, but less than cost of production in twelve or more years, except in Gujarat. The frequent losses in groundnut have pointed out the need for better farm management through mechanization, competitive MSP and trade policy reforms to make groundnut cultivation a sustainable enterprise.Not Availabl

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Effects of Reusing Peanut Seeds Grown in Saline Irrigation Water on Yield Attributes and Quality TraitsThe productivity of the peanut in salinity-prone areas has sharply declined and needs an immediate solution to meet the ever increasing demand of oilseed. It is hypothesized in this paper that the reuse of peanut seeds harvested from salinity-prone areas is a possible reason for this decline in peanut productivity. To investigate, the seed of two cultivars (TG 37A and GG 2) were grown under three different irrigation-water salinity levels (2, 4, and 6  dSm−1) and under normal soil conditions. All plant biometric parameters, including pod and haulm yield, decreased with increasing salinity levels for both seed types (normally grown and salinity-grown) and both cultivars. However, biometric parameters were higher in Cultivar GG 2 than in TG 37A except days to 50% flowering, number of immature pods, 100-pod mass, and 100-seed mass. Furthermore, the performance of salinity-grown seed was poor compared with normally grown seed, as indicated by a decrease in real value of seed, germination percentage, germination velocity, plant stand, number of mature pods, 100-pod mass, and 100-seed mass. Therefore, reuse of salinity-grown seed reduced pod yield of up to 46% under different irrigation-water salinity levels compared with seed grown under normal-water conditions. Kernel quality was also affected by salinity stress, with lower oil and higher protein and sugar content. The content of phenol, free amino acid, and moisture was slightly affected as well. Alterations in quality traits were higher in GG 2 than in TG 37A, suggesting the former’s better elasticity under salinity stress. For these reasons, use of peanut seed harvested from saline conditions should be avoided to ensure better peanut production under saline and nonsaline conditions.Not Availabl

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Pod yield and phosphorus-use efficiency in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) as influenced by citric acid and its delivery methods under a semi-arid agro-ecosystemA field experiment was conducted during 2009–11 at Junagadh, Gujarat to find out the effect of citric acid (CA)and its delivery methods on yield, nutrient uptake and use efficiencies of phosphorus in groundnut (Arachishypogaea L.). Results (mean of three years) revealed that application of citric acid at 2 kg along with farmyard ma-nure (FYM) at 2 t/ha recorded significantly higher pod yield (2.61 t/ha), harvest index (36%) and net returns(38,283/ha), which were 28.6, 22.0 and 44.5% higher respectively, over FYM at 2 t/ha without citric acid. Soilavailable P content (18 kg P/ha) significantly increased with citric acid at 6 kg along with single super phosphate(SSP) at 250 kg/ha over control. Citric acid at 4 and 6 kg along with SSP at 250 kg/ha significantly increased Pcontent in pod and haulm, respectively. P uptake significantly increased with citric acid at 4 kg/ha. Application ofcitric acid at 2 kg along with FYM 2 t/ha (17.2 kg P), citric acid at 4 kg along with SSP 250 kg/ha (17.2 kg P) andcitric acid at 4 kg along with FYM 1 t/ha (8.6 kg P) recorded higher agronomic efficiency (19.5%), recovery effi-ciency (10.8%) and P harvest index (69%) respectively, over control plots. Application of higher levels of citric aciddecreased yield, P uptake and P-use efficiencies. Thus, application of 2 kg citric acid along with FYM at 2 t/hafound appropriate in enhancing groundnut yield and net returns under semi-arid agro-ecosystem.Not Availabl

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Weed competitive ability of field pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars with varying row spacingField experiment was conducted at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh in sandy loam soil to study the effect of row spacing on weed density and weed dry matter production in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars. Asphodelus tenuifolius, Chenopodium album, Cynodon dactylon, Parthenium hysterophorus, Fumaria parviflora and Anagallis arvensis were the dominant weeds associated with the crop constituting 18.1, 34.7, 8.8, 21.3, 2.6 and 15.6% of total weed population, respectively. Tall cultivar ‘JP 885’ was superior to dwarf cultivar ‘Sapna’ in respect of suppressing weeds and declining weed dry matter production substantially and thereby increasing biological and grain yield of field pea by 32.25 and 18.19%, respectively. Significant reductions in weed population as well as dry weight of weeds at 90 days after sowing (DAS) were observed with ‘JP 885’ over cultivar ‘Sapna’. Closer row spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm was very effective when judged in terms of reducing population of associated weeds and dry weight of weeds than medium and higher spacing. Row spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm and 40 cm x 10 cm being at par produced significantly more yield than rest of the spacing treatments. Thus, cultivar ‘JP 885’ and ‘Sapna’ adopted with row spacing of 40 and 30 cm, respectively, recorded higher productivity of pea.Not Availabl

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Improving productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) by using water soluble fertilizer through drip irrigationA field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 2011 and 2012 at Junagadh, Gujarat to improve productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by using water soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation. Results indicated that maximum SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) was recorded with the application of water soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation @ 150 kg/ha at 50 DAS, while dry matter accumulation/plant, plant height and number of nodules/plant (at 75 DAS) were found higher in the treatment receiving water soluble fertilizer @ 226.5 kg/ha through drip irrigation. Similarly, number and weight of mature pods/plant, 100-kernel weight and shelling out-turn were also recorded higher with water soluble fertilizer @ 226.5 kg/ha through drip irrigation. Maximum pod yield (2.67 t/ha), haulm yield (4.96 t/ha), kernel yield (1.82 t/ha), oil content (50.3%), oil yield (0.92 t/ha), protein yield (0.50 t/ha) and nutrient uptake (200.1 kg NPKB/ha) were recorded with the application of water soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation @ 226.5 kg/ha. This treatment also gave maximum net returns (50.9 × 103 /ha) and water productivity (787 g/m3 ), while maximum benefit: cost ratio (2.42) was obtained under recommended dose of fertilizers (25 kg N, 22 kg P and 24.9 kg K/ha) fb check basin method of irrigation. After harvesting of groundnut, maximum actual N (36.0 kg/ha), P (8.5 kg/ha) and K (31.4 kg/ha) gains were recorded in the treatment receiving water soluble fertilizer @ 250 kg/ha through drip irrigation compared to all other treatments. Application of water soluble fertilizers through drip also saved 36–38% water over check basin method of irrigation.Not Availabl

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Assessing export competitiveness of Indian groundnutThis paper examines export competitiveness of Indian groundnut during the period 1996-97 to 2013-14 using PAM. Results shows that export of groundnut from India is highly competitive and has great potential in international market. The measured values of NPC, EPC and ESC have been less than unity throughout the period. DRCR also remains below unity pointing towards efficient utilisation of domestic resources in groundnut cultivation. Positive social profit all through the years reveals social welfare gain. Groundnut export is found generating resources to the Indian economy as the measured total policy transfer is negative.Not Availabl