Assessment of Knee Joint Proprioception in Weight Bearing and in Non-Weight Bearing Positions in Normal Subjects

Background: Assessment of proprioception isvaluable for identifying proprioceptive deficits.There are several methods to assess the prop-rioception. Joint position sense can be assessedin weight bearing (WB) and non weight bearing(NWB) position of the limb whose joint is tobe tested. Aim and Objectives: To find out thedifference in joint position sense in NWB andin WB positions in normal subjects. Materialand Methods: 40 normal healthy subjects be-tween the age group of 20 to 25 years were se-lected. Subjects with recent lower limb trauma,pain and musculoskeletal deformity involvingknee and ankle were excluded. Right knee jointproprioception at 300 knee flexion was mea-sured using non weight bearing and weight bear-ing methods by active test with epsilateral ac-tive limb matching response. The knee joint po-sition sense was measured by universal Goni-ometer. Average of 3 response angle was takenas the final reading. Two assessment procedureswere compared with Mann-Whitney Test. Po-sition sense accuracy was measured as a rela-tive error. The relative error was calculated asan arithmetic difference between test and re-sponse positions. A measure of variability ofindividual observation was calculated by SD andcoefficient of variation Results: Present studyshows that there is a significant difference intwo assessment procedures while testing jointproprioception (P <0.005). The mean of WBmethod [31.970] is relatively higher when com-pared with NWB procedure [30.420] but lessinter-observation variability in terms of coef-ficient of variation is seen in WB position. Inthe present study relative error in WB position(-1.8650) is more as compared to NWB posi-tion (-0.2630), and the difference is statisticallysignificant (p<0.005). Conclusion: There isstatistically significant difference between thetwo assessment procedures. Average relativeerror of WB position is more as compared toNWB position. WB procedure produced morenegative relative error i.e. Response was under-estimated during WB testing of proprioception

STUDY ON EFFECT OF QUADRICEPS MUSCLE RESISTANCE TRAINING ON CARDIORESPIRATORY PARAMETERS IN YOUNG HEALTHY FEMALES

Objective: The objectives of the study were to determine and compare acute changes in the cardiorespiratory parameters in young, healthy females in response to 3 weeks resistive exercises to quadriceps muscle using DeLorme’s and MacQueen’s protocol. Methods: The study was carried in 30 young, healthy females aged 18–25 years. Resting blood pressure measured in systole blood pressure (SBP), blood pressure measured in diastole diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respiratory rate (RR), and heart rate (HR) were measured. Subjects were then divided randomly into two groups containing 15 subjects in each group. Ten repetition maximum was measured for each subject. Group A subjects were given resistive exercises for the quadriceps muscle bilaterally using DeLorme’s protocol and Group B subjects were given training with MacQueen’s protocol. In both groups, training was given thrice a week for 3 weeks. Results: SBP, HR, and RR showed significant statistical differences after 3 weeks of PRE using DeLorme’s protocol; however, DBP changes were non-significant. SBP, HR, RR, and DBP showed significant statistical difference after 3 weeks of PRE using MacQueen’s protocol. In a comparison of DeLorme’s protocol and MacQueen’s protocol, a significant statistical difference in parameters of SBP and HR was observed. Improvement was more in subjects trained with MacQueen’s protocol. Conclusion: The resistive training has beneficial effects on HR, systolic SBP, and RR. MacQueen protocol is more effective than DeLorme’s protocol. Hence, resistive training should be included in an exercise program

Legal Representation for Undertrials in Maharashtra 2018 – 2021

Azim Premji Foundation (Foundation) has instituted a programme in collaboration with Government of Maharashtra (GoM) with the objective of demonstrating a successful working model for providing quality legal representation to undertrial prisoners across prisons in Maharashtra (Programme). For the purpose of carrying out the Programme, the Foundation identified Prayas, a field action project of the Centre for Criminology and Justice, School of Social Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (Prayas) and The Fair Trial Fellowship Program, instituted by National Law University Delhi under Project 39A (FTF), as ‘Implementing Partners’ of the Foundation. This report is an attempt to reflect on-the-ground experiences of the Programme and convey the learnings towards identifying issues within the criminal justice system that need to be addressed