Psychometric validation of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in Filipino migrant domestic workers in Macao

There are 500,000 female Filipino domestic workers worldwide. However, there are no validated instruments to assess common mental disorders in this population. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ–9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD–7) are brief measures that could be effective screeners for depression and anxiety in domestic workers. This study aims to establish reliability and validity of the Filipino versions of the PHQ–9 and GAD–7. In Study 1, 131 domestic workers completed the PHQ–9, GAD–7, and other questionnaires with a test–retest interval of 10 days. Convergent validity was examined using measures of posttraumatic stress disorder, direct exposure to traumatic events, and rumination. Discriminant validity was assessed using measures of discrimination, pain, social support, and indirect exposure to traumatic events. In Study 2, criterion validity was established with another sample of domestic workers (N = 100) using clinician-administered Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interviews. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate diagnostic efficiency. Results showed acceptable and high internal consistency for PHQ–9 and GAD–7, respectively. Both had acceptable test–retest reliability. Convergent and discriminant validity were also established. ROC curve results demonstrated that optimal cut scores for PHQ–9 and GAD–7 are 6 and 7, respectively. The Filipino versions of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 are reliable and valid for use among Filipino domestic workers

Psychometric validation of the PTSD Checklist-5 among female domestic workers

Migrant populations are at increased risk for exposure to traumatic life events. Presently, there are no reliable and valid screening instruments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Filipino migrant workers, a population that numbers over 2.3 million worldwide. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in a sample of female Filipino migrant workers in Macao (SAR), China, in two studies. The first examined the reliability (internal and test-retest), convergent validity (with depression, anxiety, and rumination), and discriminant validity (with pain and social support) in a sample of 131 participants. The second study established criterion validity of the PCL-5 using the PTSD module of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), delivered by a female Filipino psychologist as the criterion, in a sample of 100 participants. Results indicated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.95) and moderate 10-day test-retest reliability (ρ = 0.58, p \u3c .001). PCL-5 scores correlated strongly with scores on measures of depression (ρ = 0.71, p \u3c .001), anxiety (ρ = 0.61, p \u3c .001), and rumination (ρ = 0.68, p \u3c .001), supporting convergent validity. Discriminant validity was demonstrated by a weaker association with scores on measures of pain (ρ = 0.33, p \u3c .001) and social support (ρ = −0.11, p = .22). The diagnostic accuracy of the scale was good (AUC = 0.87). The optimal cutoff score of 25 optimized sensitivity (0.89) while maintaining adequate specificity (0.73), with a weighted Kappa of κ[1]) = 0.82. Our results demonstrated that the PCL-5 is a reliable and valid screening instrument for use among female Filipino migrant workers