The Origins of Religion in Black America

Controversial ideas over the origins of religion in black America arose among different scholars and anthropologists. Some of them believed that afro- Americans’ religions and other aspects of their lives in the New World had been, to a certain extent, influenced by the West African heritage. On the other hand, another group of anthropologists formerly contended that no substantial elements of Africa could affect any aspect of the blacks in America

De-Dehumanising the Autistic Other Between the Image of “Beast” and “Being” in J. K. Rowling’s ‘Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them’

The representation of autism in literature is a novelty of a delicate sense for what impact it can have on readers. Autism shows more frequently in the lines ofYoung-Adult fiction (YA), a genre known for its large audiences, which makes contemplating the image of an autistic person, as an actual character or a theme, either a means of access or a block to public awareness of the spectrum, respectively. The selected YA fiction works for this paper are Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, as screenplay (2018) and book (2001). The screenplay is not an adaptation of the book, but a background to the times when a character wrote his study book on the beasts that surrounds his environment. In the works, the use of terms like “monster” and “beast” seems to refer to a dehumanised image of the represented, which raises questions on why the writer would allude readers to relate autism to monstrosity; is she maintaining the habit of using illness as a narrative thematic tool or does she suggest otherwise? In order to formulate a ground for these inquiries, we will visit the text in relation to Lacan and Derrida’s thoughts on “Subjectivity” and how it defines fellowship from alterity and monstrosity. The objective of this research is to investigate the representation of autism in Rowling’s screenplay while backing up with examples from the book to see how far it meets the real or contrastingly contributes to reinforcing another stereotypical other

L’Emergence du Militantisme Algérien Contre La Répression Coloniale Française (1945-1962).

Abstract : The outbreak of the Algerian war of liberation on November 1, 1954 was undoubtedly the starting point against a repressive colonial system. In the face of this colonial barbarism and despite the ferocity of the repression, a group of Algerian intellectuals had no alternative but to use every possible and necessary means to put an end to the tyranny practised on the people to ultimately achieve self-determination and the independence of the country. Key words: Activism-Algeria-repression-colonialism-elites   ملخص كان اندلاع حرب التحرير الجزائرية في 1 نوفمبر 1954 بلا شك نقطة الانطلاق ضد النظام الاستعماري القمعي. في مواجهة هذه الهمجية الاستعمارية وعلى الرغم من ضراوة القمع ، لم يكن لدى مجموعة من المثقفين الجزائريين بديل سوى استخدام كل الوسائل الممكنة والضرورية لوضع حد للطغيان الذي يمارس على الشعب و نهب أراضيه  لتحقيق تقرير المصير واستقلال البلاد. كلمات مفتاحية: النشاط-الجزائر-قمع الاستعمار-النخ

Title of the paper: Mediterranean Travel Writing from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era.

ABSTRACT The present paper examines the notion of travel writing in the Mediterranean through the exploration of some eminent travel writers of Arab and European origins who marked Mediterranean literature from the Middle Ages to the present. Key words: travel writing- Mediterranean-travel writers. ملخص تفحص هذه الورقة فكرة كتابة السفر في البحر الأبيض المتوسط من خلال استكشاف بعض كتاب لسفر البارزين من أصول عربية وأوروبية تميزوا بأدب البحر الأبيض المتوسط من العصور الوسطى حتى الوقت الحاضر الكلمات مفتاحية : كتابة السفر-  البحر المتوسط- كتاب السفر

THE TURKISH DIASPORA IN THE UNITED STATES: IMMIGRATION AND IDENTITY FORMATION

ABSTRACT People of Turkish origin from different national, ethnic, religious, and geographical backgrounds have been living in the United States since the 1820 s, and are still integrating today. These Turkish migrations may be classified in three distinctive immigration waves: 1820-1921, 1950-70, and post-1970 s. The motives behind each phase are rather complex and were led by economic, training, and educational considerations. Yet, very little is known about the history of these migrations as the Turkish-American community in the United States had largely remained unknown and undocumented. Until recently, very few studies had been undertaken about the historical integration patterns and cultural backgrounds of Turkish immigrants in the United States. In this light, the present paper examines TurkishAmerican identity formation across generations. As the past always shapes the present, the paper begins with an overview about the history of Turkish immigration to the United States by analysing the main differences that existed between the three migration waves with regard to their acceptance and assertion of their American and Turkish identities. The paper then asks whether Turkish people of different historical, ethnic, geographical, and religious groups could give way to a shared cultural experience that would help construct the TurkishAmerican identities

The Introduction of Western Education in Sierra Leone and the Emergence of the Educated Elite (1787 – 1850)

In 1787, the Sierra Leone colony was founded as a “province of freedom” by British philanthropists and abolitionists to settle down former slaves from England, in addition to a number of AfricanAmerican blacks who fought on the British side in the American War for Independence. The first settlers were joined by the 1790’s by new African-American settlers, Nova Scotians and Maroons, as well as freed slaves who had been liberated by the British navy since 1808. The Sierra Leone colony became therefore, a centre for the suppression of the slave trade. British abolitionists under the leadership of Granville Sharp regarded the introduction of western education and Christianity throughout the colony as the best means to help campaign against the business of the trade in men. On January 01, 1808, Sierra Leone was declared a crown colony. The colony which was established as a base to get rid of the unwanted blacks came to represent in the British eyes the best means for the advancement of western civilisation, Christianity, and legitimate commerce to their own benefit. To have their objectives attained, the British provided the Creoles in the Sierra Leone colony with western education and possibilities of trade in addition to other privileges. The introduction of western education in the Sierra Leone colony led to the formation of a new class of people known in the Sierra Leone society as “the educated elite” or “the westernised elite.” The Sierra Leonean educated elite were well aware of the European culture and civilisation. They adopted a European dressing style and possessed European names. Furthermore, the education they had acquired helped them to understand and cope with the changes colonial government brought about in the colony

Tlemcen under the Ottoman Empire Influence and development.

The  city  of  Tlemcen  witnessed  the  passage  of successive   dynasties   throughout   its   long   history.   The favourable geographic factors and the presence of diverse races  who  shared  with  each  other  their  own  peculiar cultural and social experiences gave to Tlemcen a unique place in all Algeria and Africa as a whole. The Ottoman Empire was one of the greatest, most extensive, and long- lasting empires which had marked Tlemcen’s past and present. Throughout subsequent decades, what became known as the Ottoman Empire expanded its political, social, cultural,  and  religious  influence  over  the  land  and  its peoples.  In  this  respect,  the  present  paper  examines  the extent of the Ottomans’ influence in Tlemcen and the way local people responded to it. Emphasis will be given to the socio-cultural  developments,  but  the  political  dimensions will also be examine

Edward Wilmot Blyden. The African Personality and Early Intellectual Work in the Gold Coast (Ghana)

There is a commonly held view that African nationalism took shape out of contacts of African intellectuals with twentieth-century Pan-African leaders. Yet, this interpretation lacked concrete evidence, as many of these intellectuals owed their ideological formulation to Nineteenth-century teachings of Edward Wilmot Blyden. In his writings, Blyden articulated a thorough understanding of African’s strengths and weaknesses. For Blyden, Western civilization intended to make the African a caricature of European society. As a result, the situation of the African became one of chaos as he lived in strict psychological conflicts. A revival of the African personality rested as a solution to the distorted manhood of the African and a path to his future progress. This article examines Blyden’s theory of the African personality as revealed in early intellectual work in the Gold Coast (Ghana). Drawing on Blyden’s African personality theory, the article revealed that these intellectuals begun a vigorous campaign to oppose Europeanization of the African system of life and took an uncompromising stand against ideas of black “inferiority” and “backwardness”

De-Dehumanising the Autistic Other Between the Image of “Beast” and “Being” in J. K. Rowling’s ‘Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them’ - Screenplay and Book

The representation of autism in literature is a novelty of a delicate sense for what impact it can have on readers. Autism shows more frequently in the lines ofYoung-Adult fiction (YA), a genre known for its large audiences, which makes contemplating the image of an autistic person, as an actual character or a theme, either a means of access or a block to public awareness of the spectrum, respectively. The selected YA fiction works for this paper are Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, as screenplay (2018) and book (2001). The screenplay is not an adaptation of the book, but a background to the times when a character wrote his study book on the beasts that surrounds his environment. In the works, the use of terms like “monster” and “beast” seems to refer to a dehumanised image of the represented, which raises questions on why the writer would allude readers to relate autism to monstrosity; is she maintaining the habit of using illness as a narrative thematic tool or does she suggest otherwise? In order to formulate a ground for these inquiries, we will visit the text in relation to Lacan and Derrida’s thoughts on “Subjectivity” and how it defines fellowship from alterity and monstrosity. The objective of this research is to investigate the representation of autism in Rowling’s screenplay while backing up with examples from the book to see how far it meets the real or contrastingly contributes to reinforcing another stereotypical other

Algerian Feminine Poetry: the Who and the What.

ظهور الصوت النسوي  داخل الفضاء الاجتماعي والتاريخي الجزائري ليس بظاهرة جديدة  بل يعود إلى قرون  ويعرب عن مشاعر   و  احاسيس  المرأة   في مجالات عدة. وفي هذا الضوء , تقدم هذه الورقة بانو راما واسعة عن المرأة الجزائرية  من خلال انجازاتها الادبية و الشعرية و السردية بين اللمسة الابداعية والعين التاريخية بدءا من الحقبة الاستعمارية حتى الان. كما يتطرق هذا البحث حسب تسلسل زمني وموضوعي الى  التجربة الإبداعية النسائية ذات مخاض عسير من خلال الوقوف عند خصائصها المميزة التي فرضت نفسها بذرة حياة على الرغم من التغيرات الحضارية التي تواكب المجتمع  الجزائري و العالم ككل و عواصف الالغا