Cleavage of the apoptosis inhibitor DIAP1 by the apical caspase DRONC in both normal and apoptotic drosophila cells

In Drosophila S2 cells, the apical caspase DRONC undergoes a low level of spontaneous autoprocessing. Unintended apoptosis is prevented by the inhibitor of apoptosis DIAP1, which targets the processed form of DRONC for degradation through its E3 ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Recent reports have demonstrated that shortly after the initiation of apoptosis in S2 cells, DIAP1 is cleaved following aspartate residue Asp-20 by the effector caspase DrICE. Here we report a novel caspase-mediated cleavage of DIAP1 in S2 cells. In both living and dying S2 cells, DIAP1 is cleaved by DRONC after glutamate residue Glu-205, located between the first and second BIR domains. The mutation of Glu-205 prevented the interaction of DIAP1 and processed DRONC but had no effect on the interaction with full-length DRONC. The mutation of Glu-205 also had a negative effect on the ability of overexpressed DIAP1 to prevent apoptosis stimulated by the proapoptotic protein Reaper or by UV light. These results expand our knowledge of the events that occur in the Drosophila apoptosome prior to and after receiving an apoptotic signal

The Evolution of Law in the Barrios of Caracas

A Review of The Evolution of Law in the Barrios of Caracas by Kenneth L. Karst, Murray L. Schwartz, and Audrey J. Schwart

Springs of Florida

bulletin which documented the major and important springs in the state (Ferguson et al., 1947). This publication was revised in 1977, with many previously undocumented springs and many new water-quality analyses being added (Rosenau et al., 1977). The Florida Geological Survey's report on first magnitude springs (Scott et al., 2002) was the initial step in once again updating and revising the Springs of Florida bulletin. The new bulletin includes the spring descriptions and water-quality analyses from Scott et al. (2002). Nearly 300 springs were described in 1977. As of 2004, more than 700 springs have been recognized in the state and more are reported each year. To date, 33 first magnitude springs (with a flow greater than 100 cubic feet per second or approximately 64.6 million gallons of water per day) have been recognized in Florida, more than any other state or country (Rosenau et al., 1977). Our springs are a unique and invaluable natural resource. A comprehensive understanding of the spring systems will provide the basis for their protection and wise use. (Document pdf contains 677 pages