Prediction of soil Olsen P through mixed pasture leaf tissue biochemical and biophysical properties, topography and farm management in New Zealand hill country : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Science at Massey University, Turitea, New Zealand. EMBARGOED until 1 January 2024.

Embargoed until 1 January 2024In New Zealand hill country, soil Olsen Phosphorus (P) is a key piece of information used to decide rates, products and areas to which aerial applications of phosphate fertilisers are made. Laboratory based soil Olsen P measurements are made on bulked soil cores collected along transects, laid out across slope faces. On most hill country farms, aerial fertiliser applications are applied uniformly over large blocks or the whole property. Accurate, detailed soil maps are scarce, but essential for site specific nutrient management. Current soil sampling techniques provide spatially sparse information and attempts to interpolate point measurements of soil properties in hill country, have not been successful. The potential improvement in nutrient use efficiency would lead to increases in pasture production and quality, and an increase in production of meat and wool produced off the same land area. As sheep and beef production is forced from more productive land into more marginal areas by other land uses, managing hill country landscapes efficiently will become critical for the sheep and beef industry. Increases in global food demand, a growing interest in product origins and production practices by the consumer, and tightening of environmental regulations will further put pressure on these systems. Appropriate soil and fertiliser management has suffered from a lack of information to make sound decisions. Maps of soil Olsen P are a first step, with much potential in the applications of hyperspectral imaging yet to be discovered. The objective of this thesis was to develop a model that could be applied to readily available data layers, to make continuous predictions of phosphate availability in the soil (Olsen P) across New Zealand hill country farms. This research was one part of a larger project that firstly aimed to derive estimates of pasture parameters from hyperspectral imagery. This information could then be used in conjunction with ancillary data to determine soil nutrient status. Finally, this information would be used to inform variable rate fertiliser applications through a prescription map loaded into a computer controlled aerial top dressing system. A multi-site, multi-seasonal database from eight commercial hill country farms incorporating a range of leaf tissue nutrient concentrations, pasture biophysical properties, and topographic, soil and farm management information was built up alongside soil chemical properties. Model development was based on in-situ measurements and laboratory analysis of leaf tissue and soil samples collected on 0.5m x 0.5m plots. A total of 3,030 plots were sampled in the autumn and spring.--Shortened abstrac