Diffusion Coefficients over Rough and Smooth Boundaries, obtained by Measuring the Concentration-Velocity Covariance

A preliminary investigation of the coefficients of turbulent diffusion in an open channel was conducted by employing: 1) hot-film anemometry to detect the velocity fluctuation, 2) a platinized single-electrode conductivity probe to detect the concentration fluctuations, and 3) a digital computing system to evaluate the covariance and other statistical properties of the two output signals. Data were collected downstream of a constant-discharge point source of neutrally-bouyant salt solution at stream temperature and velocity. Using current semi-empirical methods diffusion coefficients were obtained in the vertical and lateral directions as well as dispersion coefficients due to convection

Basic data report on the turbulent spread of heat & matter

CER71-72RSM-9.August 1971.Includes bibliographical references (page 75).United States Dept. of Interior Geological Survey, Water Resources Division in cooperation with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Thermal Pollution Research Program.The purpose of this report is to present the results of an investigation of the turbulent transport properties of heated and salt water jets in an open channel flow. The data were taken cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Environmental Protection Agency. The data include measurement of the turbulence characteristics, longitudinal dispersion, and vertical and lateral turbulent diffusion. Three different boundary roughnesses were used in the investigation. The turbulence data includes the intensity of turbulence, Eulerian time scales, autocorrelation function distributions, space correlation distributions in the vertical and horizontal directions and space-time correlation function distributions in the longitudinal direction. Vertical and lateral turbulent diffusion data were obtained downstream from jets of three diameters, at four different jet strengths. Two tracer fluids, heated water and a neutrally buoyant salt solution were used. Only basic data are reported here. The extensive analysis of these results will be the subject of a future publication

Testing the hardwired for news theory of media surveillance

The human animal has a basic need to survey its environment. In modern times, this need is expressed through the news surveillance function. Scholars have proposed that this surveillance function is hardwired through the mechanism of natural selection, subject to culturally determined modes of expression. Indirect evidence for this is found in the tendency of the news media to cover negative and deviant events, varying slightly within specific cultures. This research examines this hardwiring at a more literal level, taking advantage of recent advances in neuroscience to identify the role biological evolution plays in the decision to attend to and process news information. A neurophysiological model of evolution-derived surveillance behavior is proposed and a hypothesis based on that model is derived, using the specific case of hurricanes as a news event to test this hypothesis. Limited support for the hypothesis is found, suggesting specific further studies which should be done to confirm the validity of the model and strengthen the theory

Principles and Measuring Techniques of Turbulence Characteristics in Open-Channel Flows

Turbulence velocity fluctuations in open-channel shear flows cause or strongly influence a large number of fluid-mechanics phenomena of interest to engineers. Turbulence measurements in fluids have been made with varying degrees of success, but only recently have measurements of turbulence in water been made with any degree of reliability. This recent improvement is due to the development of hot-film anemometry, which has given the researcher a tool for studying the structure of turbulence in open-channel flows. The fine spatial resolution (due to the small size of the sensor) and the good frequency response of the hot-film anemometer system are unmatched by any other system now available for making turbulence measurements in open-channel flows. This report describes the statistical turbulence characteristics that best define the structure of the flow field and the relation between the characteristics and the equations of motion and energy. A detailed description of instrumentation, sensor selection, and theory of operation is presented along with a discussion of calibration characteristics, heat-transfer relations, hot-film and hot-wire measurements, and possible sources of errors in turbulence measurements. The report explains in detail a procedure to circumvent contamination problems so that measurements can be made in natural rivers and streams; it also presents a mathematical and experimental justification for the procedure. Aspects of analog and digital data reduction are discussed along with some guidelines to insure meaningful measurement of turbulence characteristics

ROM Plus®: accurate point-of-care detection of ruptured fetal membranes

Ross W McQuivey,1 Jon E Block2 1Clinical Affairs, Clinical Innovations, Salt Lake City, UT, 2Independent Clinical Consultant, San Francisco, CA, USAAbstract: Accurate and timely diagnosis of rupture of fetal membranes is imperative to inform and guide gestational age-specific interventions to optimize perinatal outcomes and reduce the risk of serious complications, including preterm delivery and infections. The ROM Plus is a rapid, point-of-care, qualitative immunochromatographic diagnostic test that uses a unique monoclonal/polyclonal antibody approach to detect two different proteins found in amniotic fluid at high concentrations: alpha-fetoprotein and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1. Clinical study results have uniformly demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy and performance characteristics with this point-of-care test that exceeds conventional clinical testing with external laboratory evaluation. The description, indications for use, procedural steps, and laboratory and clinical characterization of this assay are presented in this article.Keywords: ROM Plus®, premature rupture of membranes, point-of-care immunoassay, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, IGFBP-1, placental protein 12, PP12, alpha-fetoprotein, AF

Water availability for development of major tar sands areas in Utah

The Sutron Corporation, under contract with Colorado State University, has conducted a study for the Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) to determine the availability of water for future extraction of viscous petroleum (bitumen) from the six major tar sands deposits in Utah. Specifically, the areas are: Asphalt Ridge and Whiterocks, which lie immediately west of Vernal, Utah; P.R. Spring, a large area extending from the Colorado River to the White River along Utah's eastern border; Hill Creek, adjacent to P.R. Spring to the west; Sunnyside, immediately across the Green River from Hill Creek between the Price and Green Rivers; and Tar Sand Triangle, near the confluence of the Colorado and Dirty Devil Rivers. The study, conducted between September and December of 1978, was a fact-finding effort involving the compilation of information from publications of the US Geological Survey (USGS), Utah State Engineer, Utah Department of Natural Resources, and other federal and state agencies. The information covers the general physiographic and geologic features of the total area, the estimated water requirements for tar sands development, the availability of water in each of the six areas, and the legal and sociological restraints and impacts. The conclusions regarding water availability for tar sands development in each of the six areas and specific recommendations related to the development of each area are presented also