The Eggshell Skull Rule and Related Problems in Recovery for Mental Harm in the Law of Torts

The theme of this article is the place, actual and proposed, of the thin skull rule in relation to mental harm

The Eggshell Skull Rule and Related Problems in Recovery for Mental Harm in the Law of Torts

The theme of this article is the place, actual and proposed, of the thin skull rule in relation to mental harm

Cell-Trappable Quinoline-Derivatized Fluoresceins for Selective and Reversible Biological Zn(II) Detection

The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of two new, cell-trappable fluorescent probes for Zn(II) are presented. These probes, 2-(4,5-bis(((6-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy)quinolin-8-yl)amino)methyl)-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-8 xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid (QZ2E) and 2,2′-((8,8′-(((9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(quinoline-8,6-diyl))bis(oxy))diacetic acid (QZ2A), are poorly emissive in the off-state but exhibit dramatic increases in fluorescence upon Zn(II) binding (120 ± 10-fold for QZ2E, 30 ± 7-fold for QZ2A). This binding is selective for Zn(II) over other biologically relevant metal cations, toxic heavy metals, and most first-row transition metals and is of appropriate affinity (K[subscript d1](QZ2E) = 150 ± 100 μM, K[subscript d2](QZ2E) = 3.5 ± 0.1 mM, K[subscript d1](QZ2A) = 220 ± 30 μM, K[subscript d2](QZ2A) = 160 ± 80 μM, K[subscript d3](QZ2A) = 9 ± 6 μM) to reversibly bind Zn(II) at physiological levels. In live cells, QZ2E localizes to the Gogli apparatus where it can detect Zn(II). It is cell-membrane-permeable until cleavage of its ester groups by intracellular esterases produces QZ2A, a negatively charged acid form that cannot cross the cell membrane.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (CHE-0907905