Justice and Fairness in Academia: Are Women Underrepresented/Underpaid in Engineering and Science Fields? Comparing 2018 and 2021 Data

Although the U.S. government has made significant efforts to achieve gender equality, there still are some gender-based differences in worker compensation. This study investigates the existence of salary disparity by sex, academic rank, pre/during-COVID pandemic, and size of universities within Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) programs. We base our empirical analysis on data gathered from the faculty of 4-year public universities in one state in the south-central U.S. in 2018 and 2021. We use factorial N-way ANOVA to control for faculty heterogeneity. Our analysis showed size, rank, year, and sex are all significant factors. Smaller universities pay less than larger public universities, the more senior tenured ranks make more, and pay did increase from 2018 to 2021. There are interesting findings when considering sex, as men earned more than women in STEM in both 2018 and 2021 as well as at all three school sizes. The exception was for full professors. Our study provides fresh insights into the gender pay gap, especially in male-dominated academic disciplines

What Is Important When Shopping Online?

Shoppers have many avenues on where to purchase products, one of which is online. Many online retailers do not apply state and local sales taxes on products they sell, thus allowing them to sell their products cheaper than can be found at local retailers. If the physical presence nexus rule is altered and Internet sales tax is applied for all online transactions, it could potentially change online shopping. The results of a survey of 154 persons are presented, discussing the potential impact of the changing of the physical presence nexus rule and requiring Internet sales tax

Simulation of an Army Deep Operations Combat Decision-making Process

A model of an Army Deep Operations Coordination Cell (DOCC) Combat Decisionmaking process (CDP) is presented. The model was developed from U.S. Army doctrine and current U.S. Army Corps Command Centers. Each of the functions of the DOCC CDP were identified and linked together in a functional flow chart. The distribution for each of these individual functions durations were identified, and personnel requirements for each of the functions were assigned. This model was then tested through a simulation built by the author. The simulation was designed for use in analysis of the DOCC and other Command and Control organizations. The DOCC CDP then was tested using the performance characteristics of mission completion times. Once our baseline analysis was completed, we experimented with selective manpower reductions. We show that the overall manning of the DOCC CDP would be reduced from 100 percent of authorized levels to less than one third of the authorized levels without degrading baseline completion rates.http://archive.org/details/simulationofnarm1094531466NANAU.S. Army (USA) autho

A tabu search approach to strategic mobility mode selection

The complexity of military logistics and force deployment modeling requires the use of advanced computer models for analysis. The last twenty years has not only seen a concerted effort to improve the fidelity of these models, but development to improve their interconnectivity. The area of strategic mobility has received greater interest in the last decade as the US Military has become more reliant on a force projection posture rather than prepositioning its forces outside the continental United States. Strategic mobility describes how forces within the continental U.S. are deployed in support missions outside the continental U.S. This posture combined with the ever shrinking military budget and force size has placed increased emphasis on the capability to efficiently deploy personnel, equipment and support materiel. Mobility modeling is conducted at various levels of the mobility planning process. The result is a myriad of models addressing different aspects of the process. Current models addressing strategic mobility use aggregate network flow models, one-pass greedy approaches and simple bounding techniques. This paper presents and overview of these models and a new approach to improving the scheduling and assignment process using Adaptive Tabu Search. The results are then compared to current day solutions using the most widely used military model (JFAST). This approach considers current model limitations, then relaxes limitations of preserving pre-defined port assignments and then relaxes limitations of preserving pre-defined mode assignments. Analyses of all three new solutions are presented.Operations Research and Industrial Engineerin

Comparisons of Union vs Non-Union Business Professoriates

In the aftermath of the recent economic recession, many state supported institutions of higher learning face significant budget reductions. As business professors are typically among the highest paid faculty at many public colleges and universities, these positions are often among the first considered when cuts are planned. This study compares the salaries paid to business school faculty at two public universities (union and non-union represented). The research found that there were no significant differences between faculties at the union represented university. There were however, differences at the non-union represented university as well as between a union and the non-union represented university